Tellurium information

Tellurium, ₅₂Te
Tellurium
Pronunciation	/tɛˈljʊəriəm/ (te-LURE-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray (crystalline),; brown-black powder (amorphous)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Te)
	127.60±0.03; 127.60±0.03 (abridged);
Tellurium in the periodic table
	antimony ← tellurium → iodine
Atomic number (Z)	52
Group	group 16 (chalcogens)
Period	period 5
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	722.66 K (449.51 °C, 841.12 °F)
Boiling point	1261 K (988 °C, 1810 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	6.237 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.70 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	17.49 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	114.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.73 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.1
Ionization energies	1st: 869.3 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1790 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2698 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius	138±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	206 pm
	Spectral lines of tellurium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal (hP3)
Lattice constants	a = 445.59 pm; c = 592.75 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	19.0×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	1.97–3.38 W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−39.5×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	43 GPa
Shear modulus	16 GPa
Bulk modulus	65 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2610 m/s (at 20 °C)
Mohs hardness	2.25
Brinell hardness	180–270 MPa
CAS Number	13494-80-9
History
Naming	after Roman Tellus, deity of the Earth
Discovery	Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (1782)
First isolation	Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Isotopes of tellurium v; e;
	Category: Tellurium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Tellurium is a chemical element; it has symbol Te and atomic number 52. It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur, all three of which are chalcogens. It is occasionally found in its native form as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far more common in the Universe as a whole than on Earth. Its extreme rarity in the Earth's crust, comparable to that of platinum, is due partly to its formation of a volatile hydride that caused tellurium to be lost to space as a gas during the hot nebular formation of Earth.^[9]

Tellurium-bearing compounds were first discovered in 1782 in a gold mine in Kleinschlatten, Transylvania (now Zlatna, Romania) by Austrian mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, although it was Martin Heinrich Klaproth who named the new element in 1798 after the Latin tellus 'earth'. Gold telluride minerals are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as a by-product of copper and lead production.

Commercially, the primary use of tellurium is CdTe solar panels and thermoelectric devices. A more traditional application in copper (tellurium copper) and steel alloys, where tellurium improves machinability, also consumes a considerable portion of tellurium production. Tellurium is considered a technology-critical element.^[10]

Tellurium has no biological function, although fungi can use it in place of sulfur and selenium in amino acids such as tellurocysteine and telluromethionine.^[11] In humans, tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride, (CH₃)₂Te, a gas with a garlic-like odor exhaled in the breath of victims of tellurium exposure or poisoning.

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Adenis, C.; Langer, V.; Lindqvist, O. (15 June 1989). "Reinvestigation of the structure of tellurium". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 45 (6): 941–942. doi:10.1107/S0108270188014453.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.
^ Anderson, Don L. (1983). "Chemical composition of the mantle" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 88 (S01): B41. Bibcode:1983LPSC...14...41A. doi:10.1029/JB088iS01p00B41. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2014. (also found in Theory of the Earth, pp. 147–175 ISBN 0865421234)
^ Cite error: The named reference usgs2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference tellurium-fungi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tellurium". CIAAW. 1969.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[4] Adenis, C.; Langer, V.; Lindqvist, O. (15 June 1989). "Reinvestigation of the structure of tellurium". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 45 (6): 941–942. doi:10.1107/S0108270188014453.

[6] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[7] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-8] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[9] Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M.; Pessina, G.; Pirro, S.; Previtali, E.; Sisti, M.; Vanzini, M.; Zanotti, L.; Giuliani, A.; Pedretti, M.; Bucci, C.; Pobes, C. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te". Physical Review C. 67: 014323. arXiv:hep-ex/0211015. Bibcode:2003PhRvC..67a4323A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323.

[Chemical-10] Anderson, Don L. (1983). "Chemical composition of the mantle" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 88 (S01): B41. Bibcode:1983LPSC...14...41A. doi:10.1029/JB088iS01p00B41. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2014. (also found in Theory of the Earth, pp. 147–175 ISBN 0865421234)

[usgs2-11] Cite error: The named reference usgs2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[tellurium-fungi-12] Cite error: The named reference tellurium-fungi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Tellurium information

and 28 Related for: Tellurium information

Tellurium

Isotopes of tellurium

Chalcogen

Tellurium copper

Tellurium tetrachloride

Tellurium monoxide

Tellurium dioxide

Tellurium oxide

Polonium

Tellurium trioxide

Tellurium fluoride

Tellurium tetrafluoride

Tellurium dichloride

Tellurium tetrabromide

Tellurium chloride

Hydrogen telluride

Telluric acid

Tellurium bromide

Tellurium hexafluoride

Richard Mille

Tellurium tetraazide

Tellurium iodide

Metalloid

Tellurous acid

Sylvanite

Selenium

Period 5 element

Tellurate