Structures and predicted structures of systemins, HypSys and AtPeps[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Systemin is a plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the family Solanaceae. It was the first plant hormone that was proven to be a peptide having been isolated from tomato leaves in 1991 by a group led by Clarence A. Ryan. Since then, other peptides with similar functions have been identified in tomato and outside of the Solanaceae. Hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptides were found in tobacco in 2001 and AtPeps (Arabidopsis thaliana Plant Elicitor Peptides) were found in Arabidopsis thaliana in 2006. Their precursors are found both in the cytoplasm and cell walls of plant cells, upon insect damage, the precursors are processed to produce one or more mature peptides. The receptor for systemin was first thought to be the same as the brassinolide receptor but this is now uncertain. The signal transduction processes that occur after the peptides bind are similar to the cytokine-mediated inflammatory immune response in animals. Early experiments showed that systemin travelled around the plant after insects had damaged the plant, activating systemic acquired resistance, now it is thought that it increases the production of jasmonic acid causing the same result. The main function of systemins is to coordinate defensive responses against insect herbivores but they also affect plant development. Systemin induces the production of protease inhibitors which protect against insect herbivores, other peptides activate defensins and modify root growth. They have also been shown to affect plants' responses to salt stress and UV radiation. AtPEPs have been shown to affect resistance against oomycetes and may allow A. thaliana to distinguish between different pathogens. In Nicotiana attenuata, some of the peptides have stopped being involved in defensive roles and instead affect flower morphology.
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^Constabel CP, Yip L, Ryan CA (January 1998). "Prosystemin from potato, black nightshade, and bell pepper: primary structure and biological activity of predicted systemin polypeptides". Plant Molecular Biology. 36 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1023/A:1005986004615. PMID 9484462. S2CID 46280523.
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Systemin is a plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the family Solanaceae. It was the first plant hormone that was proven to be a peptide...
plant. After an insect attack tomato plants produce systemin, a plant peptide hormone. Systemin activates defensive mechanisms, such as the production...
Signaling peptides include members of the following protein families. Systemin — is a small polypeptide functioning as a long-distance signal to activate...
Mago, Zdenko (April 5, 2018). "The "Father" Of the Nintendo Entertainment SystemIn Slovakia for The First Time - Interview With Masayuki Uemura" (PDF). Acta...
Mago, Zdenko (April 5, 2018). "The "Father" Of the Nintendo Entertainment SystemIn Slovakia for The First Time - Interview With Masayuki Uemura" (PDF). Acta...
Mago, Zdenko (April 5, 2018). "The "Father" Of the Nintendo Entertainment SystemIn Slovakia for The First Time - Interview With Masayuki Uemura" (PDF). Acta...
the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 2000;97:11655-60. Ryan CA. The systemin signaling pathway: differential activation of plant defensive genes. Biochimica...
that a gene has been successfully isolated. The plant peptide hormone, systemin was first identified in tomato plants and genetic modification has been...
the induction of defense genes in tomato plants in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate". The Plant Cell. 13 (1): 179–91. doi:10.2307/3871162...
microelectromechanical systems Clarence A. "Bud" Ryan Jr., isolated and synthesized systemin, first polypeptide hormone found in plants, and discovered that plants...
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