For a language consciously designed by people, see Constructed language.
Linguistic typology
Morphological
Analytic
Isolating
Synthetic
Fusional
Agglutinative
Polysynthetic
Oligosynthetic
Morphosyntactic
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Marked nominative
Ergative–absolutive
Split ergative
Symmetrical voice
Active–stative
Tripartite
Nominative–absolutive
Direct-inverse
Ditransitive/Monotransitive
Secundative
Indirective
Zero-marking
Dependent-marking
Double-marking
Head-marking
Null-subject
Syntactic pivot
Theta role
Word order
VO languages
Subject–verb–object
Verb–subject–object
Verb–object–subject
OV languages
Subject–object–verb
Object–subject–verb
Object–verb–subject
V1 word order
V2 word order
OS word order
Free word order
Time–manner–place
Place–manner–time
Lexicon
Color terms
Numerals
v
t
e
A synthetic language is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio. Rule-wise, a synthetic language is characterized by denoting syntactic relationship between the words via inflection and agglutination, dividing them into fusional or agglutinating subtypes of word synthesis. Further divisions include polysynthetic languages (most of them belonging to an agglutinative subtype, although Navajo and other Athabaskan languages are often classified as belonging to a fusional subtype) and oligosynthetic languages (only found in constructed languages). In contrast, rule-wise, the analytic languages rely more on auxiliary verbs and word order to denote syntactic relationship between the words.
Adding morphemes to a root word is used in inflection to convey a grammatical property of the word, such as denoting a subject or an object.[1] Combining two or more morphemes into one word is used in agglutinating languages, instead.[2] For example, the word fast, if inflectionally combined with er to form the word faster, remains an adjective, while the word teach derivatively combined with er to form the word teacher ceases to be a verb. Some linguists consider relational morphology to be a type of derivational morphology, which may complicate the classification.[3]
^Dawson, Hope C.; Phelan, Michael, eds. (2016). Language Files (12 ed.). Ohio State University. pp. 172–175.
^Dawson, Hope C.; Phelan, Michael, eds. (2016). Language Files (12 ed.). Ohio State University. p. 156.
^Sapir, Edward. "Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech". Retrieved 9 December 2018.
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