Lack of supermarkets in some American neighborhoods
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A closed grocery store in New Orleans, 2007
Supermarket shortages have been identified in many American urban neighborhoods, and such gaps in food access have been closely correlated with diet-related diseases such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. The shortage began when many supermarkets left mixed-income central city neighborhoods after civil disturbances in the late 1960s and 1970s.[1] By 1984, store openings exceeded closings nationally, but the opposite held in cities; and the trend continues.[2] The reluctance of large chains to open in urban areas is termed by some activists, "supermarket redlining."[2]
Studies suggest that 21 of America's largest cities have a grocery gap, with fewer stores and less square footage per store.[3] The poorest neighborhoods typically have about 55% of the grocery square footage of the best-off neighborhoods.[1] The migration of supermarkets to the suburbs contributes to the creation of so-called food deserts in the United States. At the same time, there is a lower prevalence of independently owned grocery stores in low-wealth and predominantly black neighborhoods and a greater proportion of households without access to private transportation in these neighborhoods.[4]
Supermarkets generally provide food at cheaper prices than the bodegas and pharmacies that service inner-city areas. A study that compared supermarkets, neighborhood groceries, convenience stores, and health food stores in San Diego, California found that supermarkets had twice the average number of 'heart-healthy' foods compared to neighborhood grocery stores, and four times the average number of such foods compared to convenience stores.[5]
^ abFerguson, Bruce and Barbara Abell. "Attracting Supermarkets to Inner-City Neighborhoods: Economic Development Outside the Box." Economic Development Commentary. Winter 1998, pp. 6-14.
^ abEisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition". GeoJournal. 53 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1023/A:1015772503007. S2CID 151164815.
^Cotterill, R.W. and A.W. Franklin. 1995. The Urban Grocery Store Gap. Food Marketing Policy Center Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Conn.
^Morland et al. "The Contextual Effect of the Local Food Environment on Residents’ Diets," American Journal of Public Health. November 2002, Vol. 92, No. 11
^Morland et al. "Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2002. Vol. 22, No. 1. pp. 23-29.
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