1-{2-Methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}azonaphthalen-2-ol Sudan R, C.I. Solvent Red 24, C.I. 26105, Lipid Crimson, Oil Red, Oil Red BB, Fat Red B, Oil Red IV, Scarlet Red, Scarlet Red N.F, Scarlet Red Scharlach, Scarlet R
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Sudan IV (C24H20N4O) is a lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for the staining of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins on frozen paraffin sections. It has the appearance of reddish brown crystals with melting point 199 °C and maximum absorption at 520(357) nm.
Sudan IV is one of the dyes used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan III, and Sudan Black B. Staining is an important biochemical technique, offering the ability to visually qualify the presence of the fatty compound of interest without isolating it. For staining purposes, Sudan IV can be made up in propylene glycol.[1] Alternatively, authors have reported using the dye saturated in isopropyl alcohol, 95% ethanol, or 0.05% by weight in acetone:ethanol:water (50:35:15).[citation needed] The idea is to use a moderately apolar solvent to solubilize the dye allowing it to partition into the highly apolar fat without the solvent solubilizing the fat to be stained.
Sudan I, Sudan III, and Sudan IV have been classified as category 3 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[2]
In its purified form it is called Biebrich scarlet R, which should not be confused with the water-soluble Biebrich scarlet.
In industry, it is used to color nonpolar substances like oils, fats, waxes, greases, various hydrocarbon products, and acrylic emulsions. Sudan IV is also used in United Kingdom as a fuel dye to dye lower-taxed heating oil; because of that it is also known as Oil Tax Red. As a food dye, Sudan IV is considered an illegal dye, mainly because of its harmful effect over a long period of time, as it is a carcinogen. It was ruled unsafe in the 1995 food safety regulations report.
While the dye does stain triglycerides with an intense red color, it does not stain lipid droplets or phospholipids. Sudan IV can be used to stain the aorta by staining lipid-rich plaques. The dye can also be used to stain lipids in atherosclerotic lesions in mice.[3]
^"Oil Red O Staining Protocol". IHC World. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
^Refat NA, Ibrahim ZS, Moustafa GG, et al. (2008). "The induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 by sudan dyes". J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 22 (2): 77–84. doi:10.1002/jbt.20220. PMID 18418879. S2CID 206010951.
^"Sudan IV". MilliporeSigma. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
SudanIV (C24H20N4O) is a lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for the staining of lipids, triglycerides and lipoproteins on frozen paraffin sections...
lipids. Sudan II, Sudan III, SudanIV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B are important members of this class of compounds (see images below). Sudan dyes have...
000 lb) of Sudan I, 236,000 kg (520,000 lb) of Sudan II, 70,000 kg (150,000 lb) of Sudan III, and 1,075,000 kg (2,370,000 lb) of SudanIV were produced...
stored at room temperature. Sudan III is a dye used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, SudanIV, and Sudan Black B. They are used for...
Sudan's human rights record has been widely condemned. Some human rights organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out...
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west...
interest by staining the material a specific color. Some examples: SudanIV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link...
include triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins. Lysochromes such as SudanIV dissolve in the lipid and show up as colored regions. The dye does not...
nanometers. Oil Red O is one of the dyes used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Sudan III, SudanIV, and Sudan Black B. The staining has to be performed...
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire, and the Kingdom of Egypt, in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan. The Sudanese...
laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III or SudanIV dye ("Sudan staining"). Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of...
hydroquinone or formalin. Sudan staining utilizes Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, often including lipids. Sudan III, SudanIV, Oil Red O, Osmium...
Sudan III Sudan red BK Solvent red 23 26100 diazo 85-86-9 SudanIV Scarlet R Scharlach R Biebrich scarlet R Solvent red 24 26105 diazo 85-83-6 Sudan Red...
of Congress". Library of Congress. Nachtigal, Gustav (2021). Sahara and SudanIV: Wadai and Darfur. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520329126. Wikimedia...
used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan III, and SudanIV. It can be used to stain some other materials than the other Sudan dyes,...
The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad...
cancers. These markers include lipid stains such as oil red O stain and SudanIV, and immunohistochemical stains. SGc is classified based on histopathological...
2021 population of South Sudan was 10,748,272 with the following age structure: Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 21.IV.2008): Population Estimates...
vivante, Le Cerf, 2013 "FAMINE IN SUDAN, 1998". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-02-28. "Sudan: Special Report IV: Who is who - Sudan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int...
Yohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ Rabaiy Yōḥānnes; horse name Abba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born Lij Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 – 10 March 1889) was...
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