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A spirit duplicator machine
Part of a series on the
History of printing
Techniques
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Intaglio (printmaking)
1430
Printing press
c. 1440
Etching
c. 1515
Mezzotint
1642
Relief printing
1690
Aquatint
1772
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Hectograph
1860
Offset printing
1875
Hot metal typesetting
1884
Mimeograph
1885
Daisy wheel printing
1889
Photostat and rectigraph
1907
Screen printing
1911
Spirit duplicator
1923
Dot matrix printing
1925
Xerography
1938
Spark printing
1940
Phototypesetting
1949
Inkjet printing
1950
Dye-sublimation
1957
Laser printing
1969
Thermal printing
c. 1972
Solid ink printing
1972
Thermal-transfer printing
1981
3D printing
1986
Digital printing
1991
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A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Rexograph or Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine or Fordigraph machine in the U.K. and Australia) is a printing method invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld that was commonly used for much of the rest of the 20th century. The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols that were a major component of the solvents used in these machines.[1][2][3]
Spirit duplicators were used mainly by schools, churches, clubs, and other small organizations, such as in the production of fanzines, because of the limited number of copies one could make from an original, along with the low cost (and corresponding low quality) of copying.
The spirit duplicator coexisted alongside the mimeograph and the hectograph, devices with a similar purpose but different operation.
^Marchessault, R. H.; Skaar, Christen (1967). Surfaces and Coatings Related to Paper and Wood: A Symposium [Held at] State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse University Press. pp. 357–. GGKEY:ACJZY4RYG8S.
^Cole, David John; Browning, Eve; Schroeder, Fred E. H. (2003). Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-313-31345-5.
^Reyling, P. M. (1964). "Duplicating Techniques". Journal of Chemical Documentation. 4 (3): 144–146. doi:10.1021/c160014a005. ISSN 0021-9576.
A spiritduplicator (also referred to as a Rexograph or Ditto machine in North America, Banda machine or Fordigraph machine in the U.K. and Australia)...
copy made by the process was a mimeograph. Mimeographs, along with spiritduplicators and hectographs, were common technologies for printing small quantities...
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introduction of cheap photocopying, the use of machines such as the spiritduplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common. 3D printing is a form of manufacturing...
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typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques (e.g., the spiritduplicator or even the hectograph). Only a very small number of copies could...
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language of the Kei Islands, Indonesia Banda machine, a brand of spiritduplicator - a type of low-volume document copying machine Banda (state), a former...
newsletters were generally produced by letterpress. The development of spiritduplicators and mimeograph machines in the early 20th century made short-run reproduction...
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