Proposed semiconductor implementation of quantum computers
The spin qubit quantum computer is a quantum computer based on controlling the spin of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) in semiconductor devices.[1] The first spin qubit quantum computer was first proposed by Daniel Loss and David P. DiVincenzo in 1997,[1][2] also known as the Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer.[citation needed] The proposal was to use the intrinsic spin-1/2 degree of freedom of individual electrons confined in quantum dots as qubits. This should not be confused with other proposals that use the nuclear spin as qubit, like the Kane quantum computer or the nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer. Intel has developed quantum computers based on silicon spin qubits, also called hot qubits.[3][4][5]
Spin qubits so far have been implemented by locally depleting two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductors such a gallium arsenide,[6][7] silicon[8] and germanium.[9] Spin qubits have also been implemented in graphene.[10]
^ abVandersypen, Lieven M. K.; Eriksson, Mark A. (2019-08-01). "Quantum computing with semiconductor spins". Physics Today. 72 (8): 38. Bibcode:2019PhT....72h..38V. doi:10.1063/PT.3.4270. ISSN 0031-9228. S2CID 201305644.
^Loss, Daniel; DiVincenzo, David P. (1998-01-01). "Quantum computation with quantum dots". Physical Review A. 57 (1): 120–126. arXiv:cond-mat/9701055. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..57..120L. doi:10.1103/physreva.57.120. ISSN 1050-2947.
^"Intel releases 12-qubit silicon quantum chip to the quantum community". 22 June 2023.
^"Intel Enters the Quantum Computing Horse Race with 12-Qubit Chip".
^"What Intel is Planning for the Future of Quantum Computing: Hot Qubits, Cold Control Chips, and Rapid Testing - IEEE Spectrum".
^Petta, J. R. (2005). "Coherent Manipulation of Coupled Electron Spins in Semiconductor Quantum Dots". Science. 309 (5744): 2180–2184. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.2180P. doi:10.1126/science.1116955. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16141370. S2CID 9107033.
^Bluhm, Hendrik; Foletti, Sandra; Neder, Izhar; Rudner, Mark; Mahalu, Diana; Umansky, Vladimir; Yacoby, Amir (2010). "Dephasing time of GaAs electron-spin qubits coupled to a nuclear bath exceeding 200 μs". Nature Physics. 7 (2): 109–113. doi:10.1038/nphys1856. ISSN 1745-2473.
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measurements. Effective quantum error correction would allow quantumcomputers with low qubit fidelity to execute algorithms of higher complexity or greater...
result is a probabilistic output of a classical bit. If a quantumcomputer manipulates the qubit in a particular way, wave interference effects can amplify...
commonalities with trapped-ion quantum computers. As of December 2023, the concept has been used to demonstrate a 48 logical qubit processor. To perform computation...
Superconducting quantum computing is a branch of solid state quantum computing that implements superconducting electronic circuits using superconducting qubits as...
first working 3-qubit NMR computer is reported. Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-based nuclear spinquantumcomputer, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus...
power of a quantumcomputer tested online)". Le Monde.fr. Le Monde. 22 November 2022. "Spin-2". Quantum Inspire. Retrieved 5 May 2021. "Six-qubit silicon...
make a quantumcomputer, two-qubit operations are also required. This is the role of electron spin in this design. Under A-gate control, the spin is transferred...
magnetic resonance quantum computing (NMRQC) is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantumcomputer, that uses the spin states of nuclei...
In quantum computing, a charge qubit (also known as Cooper-pair box) is a qubit whose basis states are charge states (i.e. states which represent the presence...
two-state quantum system, used as a component of a computer system. A logical qubit is a physical or abstract qubit that performs as specified in a quantum algorithm...
quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. Quantum logic gates are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for...
accomplished by Quantinuum's H1-1 20-qubit ion trap quantumcomputer. Quantumcomputers are difficult to compare. Quantum volume is a single number designed...
a very small program, built for IBMs 5-qubitcomputer. The program instructs the computer to generate a quantum state | Ψ ⟩ = 1 2 ( | 000 ⟩ + | 111 ⟩ )...
D. D. (2005). "Teleportation of Electronic Many-Qubit States Encoded in the Electron Spin of Quantum Dots via Single Photons". Physical Review Letters...
responsible for the power of quantumcomputers. Mølmer–Sørensen gate (or MS gate), is a two qubit gate used in trapped ion quantum computing. It was proposed...
and "0"s), quantum memory stores a quantum state for later retrieval. These states hold useful computational information known as qubits. Unlike the...
circuits, in which a computation is a sequence of quantum gates, measurements, initializations of qubits to known values, and possibly other actions. The...
each ion acts as a tiny quantum magnet and is used as a qubit, the quantum equivalent of a “1” or a “0” in a conventional computer. In the benchmarking experiment...
for M>2 qubits, there are spin squeezed states, a class of squeezed coherent states satisfying certain restrictions on the uncertainty of spin measurements...
form of quantum bits, also called qubits, between physically separated quantum processors. A quantum processor is a machine able to perform quantum circuits...
the bit, quantum information deals with qubits. Quantum information can be measured using Von Neumann entropy. Recently, the field of quantum computing...
meaning the number of qubits required for a given step depends on the number of inputs in a given layer. Since QuantumComputers are notorious for their...
both classical computers and quantumcomputers to find the ground state of a given physical system. Given a guess or ansatz, the quantum processor calculates...
In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantumcomputer can solve a problem that...
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