In this photograph of a quantum simulator crystal the ions are fluorescing, indicating the qubits are all in the same state (either "1" or "0"). Under the right experimental conditions, the ion crystal spontaneously forms this nearly perfect triangular lattice structure. Credit: Britton/NISTTrapped ion quantum simulator illustration: The heart of the simulator is a two-dimensional crystal of beryllium ions (blue spheres in the graphic); the outermost electron of each ion is a quantum bit (qubit, red arrows). The ions are confined by a large magnetic field in a device called a Penning trap (not shown). Inside the trap the crystal rotates clockwise. Credit: Britton/NIST
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems.[1][2][3] Quantum simulators may be contrasted with generally programmable "digital" quantum computers, which would be capable of solving a wider class of quantum problems.
A universal quantum simulator is a quantum computer proposed by Yuri Manin in 1980[4] and Richard Feynman in 1982.[5]
A quantum system of many particles could be simulated by a quantum computer using a number of quantum bits similar to the number of particles in the original system.[5] This has been extended to much larger classes of quantum systems.[6][7][8][9]
Quantum simulators have been realized on a number of experimental platforms, including systems of ultracold quantum gases, polar molecules, trapped ions, photonic systems, quantum dots, and superconducting circuits.[10]
^Johnson, Tomi H.; Clark, Stephen R.; Jaksch, Dieter (2014). "What is a quantum simulator?". EPJ Quantum Technology. 1 (10). arXiv:1405.2831. doi:10.1140/epjqt10. S2CID 120250321.
^ This article incorporates public domain material from Michael E. Newman. NIST Physicists Benchmark Quantum Simulator with Hundreds of Qubits. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
^
Britton, Joseph W.; Sawyer, Brian C.; Keith, Adam C.; Wang, C.-C. Joseph; Freericks, James K.; Uys, Hermann; Biercuk, Michael J.; Bollinger, John J. (2012). "Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins" (PDF). Nature. 484 (7395): 489–92. arXiv:1204.5789. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..489B. doi:10.1038/nature10981. PMID 22538611. S2CID 4370334.
Note: This manuscript is a contribution of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology and is not subject to US copyright.
^Manin, Yu. I. (1980). Vychislimoe i nevychislimoe [Computable and Noncomputable] (in Russian). Sov.Radio. pp. 13–15. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
^ abFeynman, Richard (1982). "Simulating Physics with Computers". International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 21 (6–7): 467–488. Bibcode:1982IJTP...21..467F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.45.9310. doi:10.1007/BF02650179. S2CID 124545445.
^Dorit Aharonov; Amnon Ta-Shma (2003). "Adiabatic Quantum State Generation and Statistical Zero Knowledge". arXiv:quant-ph/0301023.
^Berry, Dominic W.; Graeme Ahokas; Richard Cleve; Sanders, Barry C. (2007). "Efficient quantum algorithms for simulating sparse Hamiltonians". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 270 (2): 359–371. arXiv:quant-ph/0508139. Bibcode:2007CMaPh.270..359B. doi:10.1007/s00220-006-0150-x. S2CID 37923044.
^Childs, Andrew M. (2010). "On the relationship between continuous- and discrete-time quantum walk". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 294 (2): 581–603. arXiv:0810.0312. Bibcode:2010CMaPh.294..581C. doi:10.1007/s00220-009-0930-1. S2CID 14801066.
^Kliesch, M.; Barthel, T.; Gogolin, C.; Kastoryano, M.; Eisert, J. (12 September 2011). "Dissipative Quantum Church-Turing Theorem". Physical Review Letters. 107 (12): 120501. arXiv:1105.3986. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107l0501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.120501. PMID 22026760. S2CID 11322270.
^Nature Physics Insight – Quantum Simulation. Nature.com. April 2012.
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This article incorporates public domain material from Michael E. Newman. NIST Physicists Benchmark Quantum Simulator with Hundreds of Qubits. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
