Process by which people translate thoughts into verbal words
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Speech production is the process by which thoughts are translated into speech. This includes the selection of words, the organization of relevant grammatical forms, and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by the motor system using the vocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation, reactive such as when they name a picture or read aloud a written word, or imitative, such as in speech repetition. Speech production is not the same as language production since language can also be produced manually by signs.
In ordinary fluent conversation people pronounce roughly four syllables, ten or twelve phonemes and two to three words out of their vocabulary (that can contain 10 to 100 thousand words) each second.[1] Errors in speech production are relatively rare occurring at a rate of about once in every 900 words in spontaneous speech.[2] Words that are commonly spoken or learned early in life or easily imagined are quicker to say than ones that are rarely said, learnt later in life, or are abstract.[3][4]
Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs that generates sound by phonation through the glottis in the larynx that then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants. However speech production can occur without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngeal speech by using the upper parts of the vocal tract. An example of such alaryngeal speech is Donald Duck talk.[5]
The vocal production of speech may be associated with the production of hand gestures that act to enhance the comprehensibility of what is being said.[6]
The development of speech production throughout an individual's life starts from an infant's first babble and is transformed into fully developed speech by the age of five.[7] The first stage of speech doesn't occur until around age one (holophrastic phase). Between the ages of one and a half and two and a half the infant can produce short sentences (telegraphic phase). After two and a half years the infant develops systems of lemmas used in speech production. Around four or five the child's lemmas are largely increased; this enhances the child's production of correct speech and they can now produce speech like an adult. An adult now develops speech in four stages: Activation of lexical concepts, select lemmas needed, morphologically and phonologically encode speech, and the word is phonetically encoded.[7]
^Levelt, WJ (1999). "Models of word production" (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 3 (6): 223–232. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01319-4. PMID 10354575. S2CID 7939521.
^Garnham, A, Shillcock RC, Brown GDA, Mill AID, Culter A (1981). "Slips of the tongue in the London–Lund corpus of spontaneous conversation" (PDF). Linguistics. 19 (7–8): 805–817. doi:10.1515/ling.1981.19.7-8.805. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-33D0-4. S2CID 144105729. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2009-12-25.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Oldfield RC, Wingfield A (1965). "Response latencies in naming objects". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 17 (4): 273–281. doi:10.1080/17470216508416445. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-17D2-8. PMID 5852918. S2CID 9567809.
^Bird, H; Franklin, S; Howard, D (2001). "Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words" (PDF). Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers. 33 (1): 73–9. doi:10.3758/BF03195349. PMID 11296722.[permanent dead link]
^Weinberg, Bernd; Westerhouse, Jan (1971). "A Study of Buccal Speech". Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 14 (3). American Speech Language Hearing Association: 652–658. doi:10.1044/jshr.1403.652. ISSN 0022-4685. PMID 5163900. also published as Weinberg, B.; Westerhouse, J. (1972). "A Study of Buccal Speech". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 51 (1A). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 91. Bibcode:1972ASAJ...51Q..91W. doi:10.1121/1.1981697. ISSN 0001-4966.
^McNeill D (2005). Gesture and Thought. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51463-5.
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different aspects of speech: speechproduction and speech perception of the sounds used in a language, speech repetition, speech errors, the ability to...
demonstrate difficulty in speechproduction, specifically with sequencing and forming sounds. The Levelt model describes the speechproduction process in the following...
voluntarily No production ever observed Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds...
inadvertently produced speech errors and intentionally produced word-plays or puns. Another distinction can be drawn between production and comprehension errors...
published the source-filter model of speechproduction. 1962 – IBM demonstrated its 16-word "Shoebox" machine's speech recognition capability at the 1962...
incurred speech and language deficits: Self-repairs: Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis-attempts to repair erred speechproduction. Struggle...
and coherence during speechproduction. However, left BA45 has been shown to be activated significantly while maintaining speech coherence in young people...
the early phases of speech analysis yield information which is directly convertible to information required for speechproduction". Vocal repetition can...
Phonetics deals with two aspects of human speech: production—the ways humans make sounds—and perception—the way speech is understood. The communicative modality...
interested in speechproduction in dreams as illuminating aspects of cognition in the dreaming mind. They have found that during dream speech, Wernicke's...
that stimulate the functions of perception and production of speech in communication. In linguistics, speech perception was the chronological process that...
activity; it controls both the production of linguistic cognition and of meaning and the mechanics of speechproduction. Nonetheless, our knowledge of...
developmental problems. The condition might occur due to lesions in the speechproduction network of the brain, or may also be considered a neuropsychiatric...
of speech by using language production research methods that include collecting speech errors and elicited production tasks. Language production consists...
the field of speech perception than inside. This has increased particularly since the discovery of mirror neurons that link the production and perception...
other factors involved with speechproduction (tongue positioning, cerebral processing, etc.). Once a successful result (speech) is achieved, then consistent...
pathway (especially in the left hemisphere) is also responsible for speechproduction, speech repetition, lip-reading, and phonological working memory and long-term...
See media help. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and...
Speech perception is the process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. The study of speech perception is closely linked...
quality of the sound produced by the larynx and thereby affecting speechproduction. These include: Vocal fold nodules Vocal fold cysts Vocal cord paresis...
vocal grooming—the production of pleasing but meaningless sounds—to the cognitive complexities of syntactical speech. The ritual/speech coevolution theory...
and effort in speechproduction. It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency. In speech language pathology...
was arguably another biological pre-adaptation to human speech, especially for the production of consonants. The word "language" derives from the Latin...
in speech perception experiments in order to demonstrate the importance of auditory feedback in speech perception as well as in speechproduction. There...
Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech. Speech science involves anatomy, in particular the anatomy of...
intact auditory comprehension, coherent (yet paraphasic) speechproduction, but poor speech repetition. Affected people are fully capable of understanding...
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