Square Shoulder Spade coin from the State of Zhou. c. 650-400 BC. One character bei (Chinese: 貝).
Spade money (traditional Chinese: 布幣; simplified Chinese: 布币; pinyin: bù bì) was an early form of coin and commodity money used during the Zhou dynasty of China (1045 to 256 BC). Spade money was shaped like a spade or weeding tool, but the thin blade and small sizes of spade money indicate that it had no utilitarian function.[1] The earlier versions of spade coins tended to have a fragile, hollow socket, reminiscent of a metal shovel.[1] Later versions of spade money had this socket transformed into a thin, flat piece, and over time, inscriptions were added to the spade coins to mark their denominations.[1] Several versions of spade money circulated across the Chinese Central Plains during the Zhou dynasty period until they were abolished by the Qin dynasty in 221 BC in favour of the Ban Liang cash coins.[1]
Under the Xin dynasty created by Wang Mang spade money was reintroduced; there were 12 different types of spade money in the Xin dynasty, ranging in values from 100 to 1000 qián.[2]
In 2021 a paper was published about an old mint that was discovered at an archeological site in Henan Province; through radiocarbon-dating the spade money found there was estimated to have been created between 640 BCE and no later than 550 BCE, making it possibly the world's oldest known mint.[3] meaning that it is possible that the earliest known coinage was invented by the Chinese and not the Lydians as is commonly believed.[3][4] Though the spade coins that were found at the Guanzhuang site are not as old as the metal coins that were discovered in the ancient city of Ephesus.[4]
^ abcdHao Zhao; Xiangping Gao; Yuchao Jiang; Yi Lin; Jin Zhu; Sicong Ding; Lijun Deng; Ji Zhang (August 6, 2021). "Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China". Antiquity. 95 (383). Antiquity, Cambridge University Press: 1161–1178. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.94. S2CID 238220610. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ abJILLIAN KRAMER (PHOTOGRAPHS BY HAO ZHAO) (August 5, 2021). "'World's oldest' coin factory discovered in China. - If confirmed, the 2,600-year-old mint could rewrite the history of money. Spade-shaped coins, unearthed at the site of an ancient bronze foundry in China's Henan Province, are the oldest known Chinese metal currency and possibly the first in the world". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021. Archaeologists excavating the remains of Guanzhuang—an ancient city in China's eastern Henan Province—have discovered what they believe is the oldest-known coin mint, where miniature, shovel-shaped bronze coins were mass produced some 2,600 years ago. Their research, published today in the journal Antiquity, gives weight to the idea that the first coins were minted not in Turkey or Greece, as long thought, but in China,
^ abLivia Gershon (August 9, 2021). "Cool Finds - World's Oldest Known Coin Mint Found in China. - The 2,600-year-old site produced highly standardized "spade money," possibly on government orders". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
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