Overview of Soviet deportations from Estonia in 1941 and 1945–1951
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Soviet deportations from Estonia were a series of mass deportations in 1941 and 1945–1951 carried out by the Stalinist regime of the former USSR from then Soviet-occupied Estonia.[1] The two largest waves of deportations occurred in June 1941 and March 1949 simultaneously in all three occupied Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The deportations targeted primarily women, children and the elderly, calling them 'anti-Soviet elements'. In addition, there were Soviet deportations from Estonia based on the victims' ethnicity (Germans in 1945 and Ingrian Finns in 1947–1950) and religion (Jehovah's Witnesses in 1951).[1] Ethnic Estonians who had been residing in Soviet Russia (mostly in the Leningrad Oblast) had already been subjected to deportation since 1935.[2][3]
People were deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union, predominantly to Siberia and northern Kazakhstan,[4] by means of railroad cattle cars. Entire families, including children and the elderly, were deported without trial or prior announcement. Of March 1949 deportees, over 70% of people were women and children under the age of 16.[5]
About 7,550 families, or 20,600 to 20,700 people, were deported from Estonia.[6]
The Estonian Internal Security Service has brought to justice several organizers of these events.[7] The deportations have been repeatedly declared to constitute a crime against humanity by the Parliament of Estonia[8] and acknowledged as such by the European Court of Human Rights.[9][10]
^ abRahi-Tamm, Aigi (2014). ""Anti-Soviet Elements" to Be Expelled" (PDF). In Õispuu, Leo (ed.). Name list of persons deported from Estonia 1945-1953. Vol. R8/3. Estonian Repressed Persons Records Bureau. p. 20. ISBN 978-9985-9914-6-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2017.
^Martin, Terry (1998). "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing". The Journal of Modern History. 70 (4): 813–61. doi:10.1086/235168. JSTOR 10.1086/235168. S2CID 32917643.
^The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies Oxford University Press Inc. 2010; retrieved 9 May 2013.
^Ventsel, Aimar. "How Kazakhstan Remembers the Gulag". Diplomaatia. Retrieved 11 June 2018.[permanent dead link]
^Rahi-Tamm, Aigi; Kahar, Andres (2009). "The Deportation Operation "Priboi" in 1949" (PDF). In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). Estonia Since 1944: Report of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. p. 380. ISBN 978-9949183005.
^"An unbearably discernible tragedy. Deportation". An unbearably discernible tragedy. Deportation | Communist Crimes. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
^"Meenutagem, mälestagem, püsigem – Riigi Teataja". Riigiteataja.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^"Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity". European Court of Human Rights. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
^Antonio Cassese (2006). "Balancing the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law: The Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia Case before the ECHR". Journal of International Criminal Justice. 4 (2): 410–418. doi:10.1093/jicj/mql016.
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