Niger River valley (Mali, Niger, Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria); scattered oases (Niger, Mali, Algeria)
Linguistic classification
Nilo-Saharan?
Songhay–Saharan?[1]
Songhay
Proto-language
Proto-Songhay
Subdivisions
Northern
Southern
ISO 639-2 / 5
son
Glottolog
song1307
Location of Songhay languages[2]
Northwest Songhay:
Korandje
Koyra Chiini
Tadaksahak
Tasawaq
Tagdal
Eastern Songhay:
Tondi Songway Kiini
Humburi Senni
Koyraboro Senni
Zarma
Songhoyboro Ciine
Dendi
The Songhay, Songhai or Ayneha[3][4] languages ([sõʁaj], [soŋaj] or [soŋoj]) are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria. In particular, they are spoken in the cities of Timbuktu, Djenné, Niamey and Gao. They have been widely used as a lingua franca in that region ever since the era of the Songhai Empire. In Mali, the government has officially adopted the dialect of Gao (east of Timbuktu) as the dialect to be used as a medium of primary education.[5]
Some Songhay languages have little to no mutual intelligibility between each other. For example, Koyraboro Senni, spoken in Gao, is unintelligible to speakers of Zarma in Niger, according to Ethnologue. However, Songhoyboro Ciine,[6] Zarma, and Dendi have high mutual intelligibility within Niger.[7]
For linguists, a major point of interest in the Songhay languages has been the difficulty of determining their genetic affiliation; they are commonly taken to be Nilo-Saharan, as defined by Joseph Greenberg in 1963, but this classification remains controversial. Linguist Gerrit Dimmendaal (2008) believes that for now it is best considered an independent language family.[8] Roger Blench argues that the Songhay and Saharan languages form a Songhay-Saharan branch with each other within the wider Nilo-Saharan linguistic phylum.[1]
Historically, the name Songhay was neither an ethnic nor a linguistic designation for all, but a name for the ruling caste of the Songhai Empire which are the Songhai proper. The term used by the natives to address the languages and people collectively is Ayneha. Aside from the Songhai proper, some speakers in Mali have also adopted the name Songhay as an ethnic designation, [9] while other Songhay-speaking groups identify themselves with other ethnic terms, such as Zarma (Djerma) or Isawaghen (Sawaq).
A few precolonial poems and letters composed in Songhay and written in the Arabic script exist in Timbuktu.[10] However, Songhay is currently written in the Latin script.
^ abBlench, Roger & Lameen Souag. m.s. Saharan and Songhay form a branch of Nilo-Saharan.
^This map is based on classification from Glottolog and data from Ethnologue.
^Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts: LLBA., Volume 33, Issue 3, 1999, retrieved 2021-05-14
^Etudes de lettres, Faculté des lettres de l'Université de Lausanne, 2002, retrieved 2021-05-14
^Heath 2005
^Southern Songhay Speech Varieties In Niger:A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Zarma, Songhay, Kurtey, Wogo, and Dendi Peoples of Niger(PDF), Byron & Annette Harrison and Michael J. Rueck Summer Institute of Linguistics B.P. 10151, Niamey, Niger Republic, 1997, retrieved 2021-02-23
^Ethnologue report for Niger
^Dimmendaal, Gerrit (18 September 2008). "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (5): 840–858. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00085.x.
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