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English feudalism
Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci (Bayeux Tapestry)
Fief
Ecclesiastical fief
Crown land
Allodial title
Appanage
Vassal
Feoffment
Seignory
Subinfeudation
Feoffee
Fealty
Homage
Affinity
Feudal maintenance
Feudal fragmentation
Bastard feudalism
Livery
Manorialism
Lord of the manor
Manorial court
Manor house (List)
Demesne
Glebe
Overlord
Lord
Peasant
Serfdom
Free tenant
Feudal land tenure in England
Land tenure
English feudal barony
Feudal baron
Knight's fee
Knight-service
Baronage
Peerage
Serjeanty
Copyhold
Freehold
Gavelkind
Customary freehold
Landed gentry
Peerages in the United Kingdom
Feudal duties
Avera and inward
Socage
Scutage
Feudal aid
Scot and lot
Tallage
Feudalism
v
t
e
Depiction of socage on the royal demesne (miniature from the Queen Mary Psalter, c. 1310). British Library, London.
Socage (/ˈsɒkɪdʒ/)[1] was one of the feudal duties and land tenure forms in the English feudal system. It eventually evolved into the freehold tenure called "free and common socage", which did not involve feudal duties. Farmers held land in exchange for clearly defined, fixed payments made at specified intervals to feudal lords. In turn, the lord was obligated to provide certain services, such as protection, to the farmer and other duties to the Crown. Payments usually took the form of cash, but occasionally could be made with goods.
Socage contrasted with other forms of tenure, including serjeanty, frankalmoin and knight-service.
The English statute Quia Emptores of Edward I (1290) established that socage tenure which passed from one generation or nominee to the next would be subject to inquisitions post mortem, which would usually involve a feudal relief tax. This contrasts with the treatment of leases, which could be lifelong or readily subject to forfeiture and rent increase.
As feudalism declined, the prevalence of socage tenure increased until it became the normal form of tenure in the Kingdom of England. In 1660, the Statute of Tenures ended the practice of estates requiring owners to provide military or religious service, and most freehold tenures and other were converted into "free and common socage".
The holder of a soc or socage tenure was referred to as a socager (Anglo-Norman) or Socman (Anglo-Saxon, also spelt sochman, from the legal concept of a soke, from the verb 'to seek').[2] In German-speaking Europe, the broad equivalent was a Dienstmann.[dubious – discuss] The etymology of socage according to William Blackstone is the old Latin word for a plough.
^Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 658. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "socage"
^Partington, S W (1909), "2", The Danes in Lancashire and Yorkshire, retrieved 2012-05-15, Tenants who owned such tenures were called 'sochmen', and the tenure itself was called 'socage'
Socage (/ˈsɒkɪdʒ/) was one of the feudal duties and land tenure forms in the English feudal system. It eventually evolved into the freehold tenure called...
Seigneurial Tenures Abolition Act of October 1854, and a form similar to socage replaced it. Property owned under allodial title is referred to as allodial...
the roll of the manorial court as a record of such non-standard terms. by socage. This was the lowest form of tenure, involving payment in produce or in...
gavelkind until the contrary was proved. It was more correctly described as socage tenure, subject to the custom of gavelkind. The chief peculiarities of the...
The Tenures Abolition Act 1660 declared that all land was to be held by socage tenure, ending the feudal tenure. Lawler, J. John; Lawler, Gail Gates (August...
outright (fee simple), or by any of several forms of land tenure, among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold. In some contexts, "peasant" has a pejorative...
lands of which had been partly alienated, which were thereby converted into socage tenures (i.e. paying money rents), or in some cases, tenures by knight-service...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by socage (i.e., in exchange for monetary rents). The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670...
land, who split the attributes of ownership between them. Estates in free socage were the most macro-level of land division in New France but, within them...
superior lord. It thus describes a person who holds allodial title, owing no socage or feudal obligations such as military service. This was distinguished from...
ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage, that is to say under a "free" (hereditable) contract requiring payment...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
citizens with equal rights. Thus serfs were liberated, Jews emancipated, and socage abolished. The Napoleonic code was enacted, doing away with guilds and providing...
Abolition Act 1660. The baronies not converted became baronies of free socage, a dignity title. There exist today a very few cases of English families...
describing the tenure (from the Latin verb teneo, hold) as that of free socage. New England charters provided that the grantees should hold their lands...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
types of military and religious service that tenants owed to the Crown with socage, and compensated the monarch with an annual fixed payment of £100,000 to...
since the donee was a layman; it would be reckoned by the laws of socage. Socage grew at the expense of frankalmoign. The tenant in chief could not alienate...
Customary freehold Landed gentry Peerages in the United Kingdom Feudal duties Avera and inward Socage Scutage Feudal aid Scot and lot Tallage Feudalism v t e...
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