Simulium is a genus of black flies, which may transmit diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness).
It is a large genus with almost 2,000 species and 38 subgenera.[1]
The flies are pool feeders. Their saliva, which contains anticoagulants, a number of enzymes and histamine, is mixed with the blood, preventing clotting until it is ingested by the fly. These bites cause localized tissue damage, and if the number of feeding flies is sufficient, their feeding may produce a blood-loss anaemia.
The host's reaction to fly attacks may include systemic illness, allergic reactions or even death, presumably mediated by histamine. In humans, this systemic reaction is known as "black fly fever" and is characterized by headaches, fever, nausea, adenitis, generalized dermatitis, and allergic asthma.
^Peter H. Adler (2022). "World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory" (PDF). South Carolina: Clemson University. p. 145.
Simulium is a genus of black flies, which may transmit diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness). It is a large genus with almost 2,000 species...
Simuliinae contains all the rest. Over 1,800 of the species belong to the genus Simulium. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals,...
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spread from person to person via female biting blackflies of the genus Simulium, and humans are the only known definitive host. O. volvulus parasites obtain...
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the malaria parasites). The species of this genus use either blackflies (Simulium species) or a biting midge as their definitive host and birds as their...
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S2CID 86752961. Gislason, G.M.; Gardarsson A. (1988). "Long term studies on Simulium vittatum Zett. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the River Laxá, North Iceland,...
gaviae and avian malaria have been recorded in this loon. The black fly Simulium annulus is closely associated with the common loon to which it is attracted...
ziemanni and the drinking of blood by swarming, blood-drinking blackflies (Simulium ssp.), was a leading cause of juvenile mortality in the Yukon. The great...
biologists have studied species of black flies (Simulium guianense and Simulium litobranchium, see Simulium) which carry a parasite that causes river-blindness...
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flies that contains over 2,000 species, with more than 1,800 in the genus Simulium. There are 19 living genera, and three genera only known from Cretaceous...
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in Nono woreda Nono, West Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, a woreda Black nono (Simulium buissoni), a midge species on the Marquesas Islands in Polynesia, with...