Around 180 m, with short-term negative excursions[7]
The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊəri.ən,saɪ-/sih-LURE-ee-ən, sy-)[8][9][10] is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.[11] The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozoic Era. As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by a few million years. The base of the Silurian is set at a series of major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events when up to 60% of marine genera were wiped out.
One important event in this period was the initial establishment of terrestrial life in what is known as the Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution: vascular plants emerged from more primitive land plants,[12][13] dikaryan fungi started expanding and diversifying along with glomeromycotan fungi,[14] and three groups of arthropods (myriapods, arachnids and hexapods) became fully terrestrialized.[15]
Another significant evolutionary milestone during the Silurian was the diversification of jawed fish, which include placoderms, acanthodians (which gave rise to cartilaginous fish) and osteichthyan (bony fish, further divided into lobe-finned and ray-finned fishes)，[16] although this corresponded to sharp decline of jawless fish such as conodonts and ostracoderms.
^Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.
^Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.
^"Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018). "The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6: 191. Bibcode:2018FrEaS...6..191L. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00191.
^Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
^Chlupáč, Ivo; Hladil, Jindrich (January 2000). "The global stratotype section and point of the Silurian-Devonian boundary". CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
^Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.
^Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart v.2015/01" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. January 2015.
^Cite error: The named reference SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolution was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference SilurianDevonianTerrestrialRevolutionChina was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Lutzoni, François; Nowak, Michael D.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Reeb, Valérie; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Krug, Michael; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Lewis, Louise A.; Swofford, David L.; Hibbett, David; Hilu, Khidir; James, Timothy Y.; Quandt, Dietmar; Magallón, Susana (21 December 2018). "Contemporaneous radiations of fungi and plants linked to symbiosis". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5451. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5451L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07849-9. PMC 6303338. PMID 30575731. S2CID 56645104.
^Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 4 (3): 489–501. doi:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y.
^Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015). "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates". Nature. 520 (7548): 490–497. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..490B. doi:10.1038/nature14438. PMC 4648279. PMID 25903631.
The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊəri.ən, saɪ-/ sih-LURE-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period...
The Silurian hypothesis is a thought experiment which assesses modern science's ability to detect evidence of a prior advanced civilization, perhaps several...
sometimes known as the end-Ordovician mass extinction or the Ordovician-Silurian extinction, is the first of the "big five" major mass extinction events...
Doctor Who and the Silurians is the second serial of the seventh season in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast...
of the Cambrian Period 485.4 Ma (million years ago) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Ma. The Ordovician, named after the Welsh tribe of the Ordovices...
into six geologic periods (from oldest to youngest): Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Some geological timescales divide the Paleozoic...
Phanerozoic eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian period at 419.2 million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the succeeding...
ago) occurred at the beginning of the Silurian Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive Ordovician-Silurian extinction events, which led to a large...
The Silurian Hills are a small range of hills in the Mojave Desert, southeast of Death Valley National Park, in southern California. The surrounding lower...
Wenlock (sometimes referred to as the Wenlockian) is the second epoch of the Silurian. It is preceded by the Llandovery Epoch and followed by the Ludlow Epoch...
Silurian Valley is a valley in the Mojave Desert, in San Bernardino County, California. The valley trends in a north–south direction, its mouth located...
trilobites during the Silurian and Devonian periods include: Dalmanites (Early to Late Silurian) Calymene (Silurian) Encrinurus (Silurian) Exallaspis (Middle...
diversify. There are six periods in the Paleozoic era: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. The Cambrian is the first period...
until his death in 1871. He is noted for investigating and describing the Silurian, Devonian and Permian systems. Murchison was born at Tarradale House, Muir...
components of marine faunas during the Silurian, from which the majority of eurypterid species have been described. The Silurian genus Eurypterus accounts for...
invertebrate predators. The first fish with jaws, the placoderms, appeared in the Silurian and greatly diversified during the Devonian, the "Age of Fishes". Bony...
fossils of land animals, from about 419 million years ago in the Late Silurian, and terrestrial tracks from about 450 million years ago appear to have...
life. Fossil plants with anatomically preserved xylem are known from the Silurian (more than 400 million years ago), and trace fossils resembling individual...
fossils, mostly of primitive acanthodians, begin appearing by the early Silurian, and become abundant by the start of the Devonian. Gnathostomata is traditionally...
This timeline of Silurian research is a chronological listing of events in the history of geology and paleontology focused on the study of Earth during...
microstructure of gnathobasic spines on the coxa of extant Atlantic horseshoe crab, Silurian eurypterid Eurypterus tetragonophthalmus and Cambrian artiopodan Sidneyia...
such as "Silurian". The poet Henry Vaughan called himself a "Silurist", by virtue of his roots in South Wales. The geological period Silurian was first...
136–138. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.20. S2CID 130896939. "The Silurian: The Silurian Period of the Paleozoic Era: 444 to 416 Mya". palaeos.com. 11 April...
Gotland rauks consist of limestone representing reefs that existed in the Silurian period. As waves batter against limestone cliffs, pre-existing vertical...
cephalopods died out completely, except for possible rare Silurian forms. The Ordovician-Silurian Extinction Events may have been caused by an ice age that...
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