In geology, silicification is a petrification process in which silica-rich fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells, and replace the original materials with silica (SiO2). Silica is a naturally existing and abundant compound found in organic and inorganic materials, including Earth's crust and mantle. There are a variety of silicification mechanisms. In silicification of wood, silica permeates into and occupies cracks and voids in wood such as vessels and cell walls.[1] The original organic matter is retained throughout the process and will gradually decay through time.[2] In the silicification of carbonates, silica replaces carbonates by the same volume.[3] Replacement is accomplished through the dissolution of original rock minerals and the precipitation of silica. This leads to a removal of original materials out of the system.[3][4] Depending on the structures and composition of the original rock, silica might replace only specific mineral components of the rock. Silicic acid (H4SiO4) in the silica-enriched fluids forms lenticular, nodular, fibrous, or aggregated quartz, opal, or chalcedony that grows within the rock.[5] Silicification happens when rocks or organic materials are in contact with silica-rich surface water, buried under sediments and susceptible to groundwater flow, or buried under volcanic ashes. Silicification is often associated with hydrothermal processes.[1] Temperature for silicification ranges in various conditions: in burial or surface water conditions, temperature for silicification can be around 25°−50°; whereas temperatures for siliceous fluid inclusions can be up to 150°−190°.[6][7] Silicification could occur during a syn-depositional or a post-depositional stage, commonly along layers marking changes in sedimentation such as unconformities or bedding planes.[5][8]
^ abAkahane, Hisatada; Furuno, Takeshi; Miyajima, Hiroshi; Yoshikawa, Toshiyuki; Yamamoto, Shigeru (July 2004). "Rapid wood silicification in hot spring water: an explanation of silicification of wood during the Earth's history". Sedimentary Geology. 169 (3–4): 219–228. Bibcode:2004SedG..169..219A. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.06.003. ISSN 0037-0738.
^Sigleo, Anne C. (September 1978). "Organic geochemistry of silicified wood, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 42 (9): 1397–1405. Bibcode:1978GeCoA..42.1397S. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(78)90045-5. ISSN 0016-7037.
^ abGötz, Annette E.; Montenari, Michael; Costin, Gelu (2017). "Silicification and organic matter preservation in the Anisian Muschelkalk: implications for the basin dynamics of the central European Muschelkalk Sea". Central European Geology. 60 (1): 35–52. Bibcode:2017CEJGl..60...35G. doi:10.1556/24.60.2017.002. ISSN 1789-3348.
^ abS.K. Haldar and Josip Tišljar (2014). Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology. Elsevier. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-12-408133-8.
^Klein, Robert T.; Walter, Lynn M. (September 1995). "Interactions between dissolved silica and carbonate minerals: An experimental study at 25–50°C". Chemical Geology. 125 (1–2): 29–43. Bibcode:1995ChGeo.125...29K. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(95)00080-6. ISSN 0009-2541.
^You, Donghua; Han, Jun; Hu, Wenxuan; Qian, Yixiong; Chen, Qianglu; Xi, Binbin; Ma, Hongqiang (2018-02-19). "Characteristics and formation mechanisms of silicified carbonate reservoirs in well SN4 of the Tarim Basin". Energy Exploration & Exploitation. 36 (4): 820–849. doi:10.1177/0144598718757515. ISSN 0144-5987. S2CID 135282628.
^Sugitani, Kenichiro; Yamashita, Fumiaki; Nagaoka, Tsutomu; Yamamoto, Koshi; Minami, Masayo; Mimura, Koichi; Suzuki, Kazuhiro (June 2006). "Geochemistry and sedimentary petrology of Archean clastic sedimentary rocks at Mt. Goldsworthy, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Evidence for the early evolution of continental crust and hydrothermal alteration". Precambrian Research. 147 (1–2): 124–147. Bibcode:2006PreR..147..124S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.02.006. ISSN 0301-9268.
In geology, silicification is a petrification process in which silica-rich fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells...
the water. Two common types of permineralization are silicification and pyritization. Silicification is the process in which organic matter becomes saturated...
decomposes, so that cell walls are often preserved in great detail. Thus silicification begins within the cell walls, and the spaces within and between cells...
remain intact surrounding the crystals.[need quotation to verify] In silicification, the weathering of rocks releases silicate minerals and the silica makes...
characterisations of the biochemical processes and components involved in diatom silicification were made in the late 1990s. These were followed by insights into how...
the sediments. Silicification occurs early in diagenesis, at low pH and temperature, and contributes to fossil preservation. Silicification takes place through...
dissolution. The resulting fluids were also responsible for subsequent silicification and hydrothermal infilling. To the best of our knowledge, karst collapse...
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement and concrete manufacturing. Silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world and it occurs...
present in all eukaryotic supergroups. Notwithstanding, the degree of silicification can vary even between closely related taxa, from being found in composite...
thought to have formed during Neogene to Quaternary weathering by the silicification of Upper Paleocene Lambeth Group sediments, resulting from acid leaching...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
(September 2015). "Fossil preservation through phosphatization and silicification in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (South China): a comparative synthesis"...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
hydrate (abbreviated as C-S-H in the cement chemist notation). This silicification reaction of calcium hydroxide on its turn continuously releases again...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
Hanor, J. S. (September 1987). "Origin and timing of the metasomatic silicification of an early Archaean komatiite sequence, Barberton Mountain Land, South...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
more than one of these alterations is in progress in the same rock. Silicification, the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
period" of weathering under non-glacial conditions may be a requirement. Silicification of peneplain surfaces exposed to sub-tropical and tropical climate for...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite...
resulting in the formation of chlorite and epidote. Generally, moderate silicification and pyritization occur along shear zones. This unit appears to be equivalent...
effects. Other post-depositional alteration includes pyritization, silicification, and alteration of titanium minerals. The most prominent geochemical...
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed...
2017. Raven, J. A.; Waite, A. M. (1 April 2004). "The evolution of silicification in diatoms: inescapable sinking and sinking as escape?". New Phytologist...
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