Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
Part of a series on
Sediments
By origin
Terrigenous (lithogenous)
Biogenous
Cosmogenous
Hydrogenous
By texture
Roundness
Sorting
Grain size
boulder
cobble
gravel
pebble
granule
sand
silt
clay
colloid
Other
oolite
scree
till
By composition
Manganese nodules
Oolitic aragonite sand
Tektites
By process
Sedimentation
Sedimentary budget
Sediment transport
coastal
Weathering
Erosion
Aeolian (windborne) transport
Biomineralization
Bioturbation
Compaction
Concretion
Exner equation
Fluvial processes
Glacier flow
ice-sheet dynamics
ice rafting
Lithification
Siltation
Turbidity currents
By structure
Sedimentary structures
Bedforms
cross-bedding
duness
graded bedding
ripple marks
Alluvial fan
Alluvial river
Fault
Fold
Paleocurrent indicators
sole markings
imbrication
River delta
Sediment–water interface
Sedimentary basin
Soft-sediment deformation
Unconformity
Vegetation-induced
Soil sediment
Soil
matrix
pore space
permeability
morphology
texture
value
color
Catena
Soil horizon
Humus
Humin
Soil salinity
Hydropedology
Mineralization
Microbial calcite precipitation
Marine sediment
Abyssal fan
Aragonite
aragonite sea
oolitic aragonite sand
Calcite
calcite sea
Amorphous calcium carbonate
Calcification
Continental rise
Bay mud
Bioirrigation
Coastal sediment transport
Coastal sediment supply
Evaporites
Marine clay
pelagic red clay
Marine regression
transgression
Pelagic
turbidite
contourite
hemipelagite
Salt tectonics
Sedimentary basin
Tidal bundle
Biogenous sediments
Calcareous ooze
biogenic calcification
calcareous nannoplankton
Siliceous ooze
biogenic silica
silicification
diatomaceous earth
radiolarite
Microfossil
Reverse weathering
Sedimentary ecology
Soil biomantle
Soil zoology
soil pathogens
Pedodiversity
Soil biodiversity
Rhizosphere
root microbiome
Sedimentary carbon
Soil carbon storage
Soil carbon
Coal
Peat
Sedimentary rock
Badlands
Carbonates
limestone
dolomite
Clastic
conglomerate
breccia
sandstone
mudrock
Evaporite
Chalk
Chert
Greywacke
Iron-rich
Organic-rich
Phosphorite
Siliceous
Related
History
geology
geological
paleontology
soil science
Legacy sediment
Principles
cross-cutting relationships
lateral continuity
original horizontality
Provenance
Sedimentary record
Sedimentology
Stratigraphy
Rock cycle
calcium
silica
carbonate-silicate
Paleolimnology
Biosignature
Category
v
t
e
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called sediment, and may be composed of geological detritus (minerals) or biological detritus (organic matter). The geological detritus originated from weathering and erosion of existing rocks, or from the solidification of molten lava blobs erupted by volcanoes. The geological detritus is transported to the place of deposition by water, wind, ice or mass movement, which are called agents of denudation. Biological detritus was formed by bodies and parts (mainly shells) of dead aquatic organisms, as well as their fecal mass, suspended in water and slowly piling up on the floor of water bodies (marine snow). Sedimentation may also occur as dissolved minerals precipitate from water solution.
The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earth's crust is extensive (73% of the Earth's current land surface),[1] but sedimentary rock is estimated to be only 8% of the volume of the crust.[2] Sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in large structures called sedimentary basins. Sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars.
The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels, canals or other structures. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources including coal, fossil fuels, drinking water and ores.
The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earth's history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology and the history of life. The scientific discipline that studies the properties and origin of sedimentary rocks is called sedimentology. Sedimentology is part of both geology and physical geography and overlaps partly with other disciplines in the Earth sciences, such as pedology, geomorphology, geochemistry and structural geology.
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by...
siliciclastic sedimentary rocks at considerably lower levels. Accessory minerals are associated with those whose presence in the rock are not directly...
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentaryrock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin...
metamorphic rock, and sedimentaryrock. Adakite – Volcanic rock type Andesite – Type of volcanic rock Alkali feldspar granite – Type of igneous rock rich in...
The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic...
original sedimentaryrock, even where they have been subject to high-grade metamorphism and intense deformation. Metavolcanic rock – Metamorphic rock from...
as described below. Limestone is the most common carbonate rock and is a sedimentaryrock made of calcium carbonate with two main polymorphs: calcite...
for determining how sedimentary features in the rock record were formed. By comparing similar features today to features in the rock record—for example...
clastic sedimentaryrock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most...
sediments have accumulated to form a large three-dimensional body of sedimentaryrock. They form when long-term subsidence creates a regional depression...
Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3) is a type of carbonate sedimentaryrock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the...
mineral composition. The protolith may be an igneous, sedimentary, or existing metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's...
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under...
diagrams. Sedimentary petrology is commonly taught together with stratigraphy because it deals with the processes that form sedimentaryrock. Modern sedimentary...
Coquina (/koʊˈkiːnə/) is a sedimentaryrock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments...
it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentaryrock. Sedimentary rocks are mainly divided...
Igneous rock (igneous from Latin igneus 'fiery'), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic...
kilometres (25 mi) in diameter, exposing sedimentaryrock in layers that appear as concentric rings. Igneous rock is exposed inside and there are spectacular...
Caliche (/kəˈliːtʃiː/) is a sedimentaryrock, a hardened natural cement of calcium carbonate that binds other materials—such as gravel, sand, clay, and...
Teapot Rock, also Teapot Dome, is a distinctive sedimentaryrock formation and nearby oil field in Natrona County, Wyoming that became the focus of the...
sedimentary rocks characterized by individual crystals or clastic grains less than 0.01 mm in diameter. aphanitic Said of the texture of igneous rock...
Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentaryrock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content...
formation of sedimentaryrock. The term is broadly applied to the entire range of processes that result in the formation of sedimentaryrock, from initial...
Saudade ridge, in Alto Paranaíba region, Minas Gerais. It is a silt-clay sedimentaryrock, laminated, bluish-green, composed of glauconite (40–80%), potassium...
actually made of oolite, also known as oolitic limestone. Oolite is a sedimentaryrock composed of small spherical grains of concentrically layered carbonate...