Unpaid labor as a complement of industrial labour and services
This article is about the element of unpaid labor. For other uses, see Shadow Work (disambiguation).
This article is about the economics term. In psychology, shadow work is any process to become conscious of a shadow aspect in ones subconscious.
A consumer dispenses fuel into her own vehicle, a form of unpaid shadow work: after a century of relying on employees to dispense fuel, fuel companies now expect self-service fuel pumps as the norm in much of western world.
In economics, shadow work is a special kind of unpaid labor.
It includes assembling of goods that come "in pieces", self-checkout at super markets, and self-service at gas stations. Jobs that are necessary for completing a purchase that have been left to the consumers as a way of rationalising production and distribution.
In contrast, there is unpaid labor that is made as an expression of self subsistence or to give to others, all things you do without getting paid, such as building your house, making free computer programs or taking care of your elders.
The term was coined by Ivan Illich, in his 1980 article [1] and in his 1981 book[2] of the same title.[3]
Craig Lambert, a former editor of Harvard Magazine wrote about the new trend towards unpaid "shadow work" in 2011 and followed up his research in a book called Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day in 2015. In it, he itemizes many of the unpaid tasks ordinary people do now that others used to do, such as pump gasoline, bag groceries, make travel arrangements, and check baggage at the airport. He includes the rise of technology and robotics as forces leading to the growth of shadow work, and also includes such factors as crowdsourcing and parental over-engagement in their children's lives. He argues that downloading tasks to consumers takes away from their time and reduces the amount of casual social interaction in people's lives. It also limits the number of opportunities for low-skilled entry-level work (such as pumping gas).[4]
^Illich, Ivan. Shadow - Work Philosophica 26,1980 (2), Pp. 7-46.
^Illich, Ivan. Shadow Work. Salem, New Hampshire and London: Marion Boyars, 1981.
^Craig Lambert (October 29, 2011). "Our Unpaid, Extra Shadow Work". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
^Liebetrau, Eric (May 21, 2015). "Book Review: 'Shadow Work' by Craig Lambert". Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
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