Many protocols and algorithms require the serialization or enumeration of related entities. For example, a communication protocol must know whether some packet comes "before" or "after" some other packet. The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) RFC 1982 attempts to define "serial number arithmetic" for the purposes of manipulating and comparing these sequence numbers. In short, when the absolute serial number value decreases by more than half of the maximum value (e.g. 128 in an 8-bit value), it is considered to be "after" the former, whereas other decreases are considered to be "before".
This task is rather more complex than it might first appear, because most algorithms use fixed-size (binary) representations for sequence numbers. It is often important for the algorithm not to "break down" when the numbers become so large that they are incremented one last time and "wrap" around their maximum numeric ranges (go instantly from a large positive number to 0 or a large negative number). Some protocols choose to ignore these issues and simply use very large integers for their counters, in the hope that the program will be replaced (or they will retire) before the problem occurs (see Y2K).
Many communication protocols apply serial number arithmetic to packet sequence numbers in their implementation of a sliding window protocol. Some versions of TCP use protection against wrapped sequence numbers (PAWS). PAWS applies the same serial number arithmetic to packet timestamps, using the timestamp as an extension of the high-order bits of the sequence number.[1]
^RFC 1323: "TCP Extensions for High Performance", section 4.2.
and 24 Related for: Serial number arithmetic information
define "serialnumberarithmetic" for the purposes of manipulating and comparing these sequence numbers. In short, when the absolute serialnumber value...
rigorous serial numbers and serialnumberarithmetic, again not identifying a single instance of the content being protected. The term serialnumber is also...
ends themselves provide.[citation needed] Serialnumber comparisons are intended to use SerialNumberArithmetic as defined in RFC 1982. However, this was...
reconstruction (mathematics) Reduced residue system Serialnumberarithmetic (a special case of modular arithmetic) Two-element Boolean algebra Topics relating...
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers...
a simpler implementation. Federal Standard 1037C Compound TCP Serialnumberarithmetic TCP Fast Open Peterson, Larry L. & Davie, Bruce S. "[1]", Morgan...
(/ˌdɪskælˈkjuːliə/) is a disability resulting in difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate...
Standard SerialNumber (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines and newspapers. The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers...
system, an option was added to use a window of 1970-2069 instead. Serialnumberarithmetic, a form of windowing for sequential counters Bridis, Ted (16 March...
the number they just heard with the number they heard before. This is a challenging task that involves working memory, attention and arithmetic capabilities...
than are available, sometimes over a Serial Peripheral Interface in daisy chain configuration, which allows any number of binary devices to be accessed using...
ordering (as with serial numbers), and for codes (as with ISBNs). In common usage, a numeral is not clearly distinguished from the number that it represents...
received a number of upgrades including punch-card I/O in 1954, extra memory in slower magnetic drum form in 1955, and a floating-point arithmetic unit in...
In music, serialism is a method of composition using series of pitches, rhythms, dynamics, timbres or other musical elements. Serialism began primarily...
ordering of the sequence of the bits in the bytes sent over a wire in a serial transmission protocol or in a stream (e.g. an audio stream). Most significant...
portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics. The first solid-state electronic calculator was...
wide range of published theories, from simple complex-numberarithmetic to group theory and number theory. Fast Fourier transforms are widely used for applications...
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function...
out of the sum output. The serial binary subtracter operates the same as the serial binary adder, except the subtracted number is converted to its two's...
the right temporal lobe. Serial SPECT scans revealed hyperperfusion over right parietal areas during performance of arithmetic tasks. Children at any age...
can only be done by software that either supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic or that can handle 219-bit (unsigned) integers, features that are often...
complement number Signed number representations Components Categories Category:Binary arithmetic Category:Computer arithmetic See also FPU GPU AGU Mechanical...
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