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Banded massive sulfide (silver-lead-zinc ore) from the SEDEX Sullivan deposit in British Columbia, Canada (Mesoproterozoic, 1470 Ma) showing apparent soft-sediment deformation (field of view: about 3.9 cm across)Banded ore with chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite from the SEDEX Rammelsberg deposit, Germany
Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX or SedEx deposits) are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals.[1][2][3] SEDEX deposits are hosted largely by clastic rocks deposited in intracontinental rifts or failed rift basins and passive continental margins. Since these ore deposits frequently form massive sulfide lenses, they are also named sediment-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits,[1][4] as opposed to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. The sedimentary appearance of the thin laminations led to early interpretations that the deposits formed exclusively or mainly by exhalative processes onto the seafloor, hence the term SEDEX. However, recent study of numerous deposits indicates that shallow subsurface replacement is also an important process, in several deposits the predominant one, with only local if any exhalations onto the seafloor.[5][6][7] For this reason, some authors prefer the term clastic-dominated zinc-lead deposits.[8] As used today, therefore, the term SEDEX is not to be taken to mean that hydrothermal fluids actually vented into the overlying water column, although this may have occurred in some cases.[7][9]
Main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are fine-grained sphalerite and galena, chalcopyrite is significant in some deposits; silver-bearing sulfosalts are frequent minor constituents; pyrite is always present and can be a minor component or the dominant sulfide, as it is the case in massive sulfide bodies; barite content is common to absent, locally economic.[7][9]
SEDEX deposits are typified, among others, by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, Rammelsberg, Sullivan. SEDEX deposits are the most important source of lead and zinc, and a major contributor of silver and copper.[3][9]
^ abKaren D. Kelley, Robert R. Seal, II, Jeanine M. Schmidt, Donald B. Hoover, and Douglas P. Klein (1986) Sedimentary Exhalative Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits, USGS
^Don MacIntyre, Sedimentary Exhalative Zn-Pb-Ag, British Columbia Geological Survey, 1992
^ ab Goodfellow, W.D., Lydon, J.W. (2007) Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. In: Goodfellow, W.D. (Ed.) Mineral deposits of Canada: a synthesis of major deposit types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods. Geological Association of Canada Special Publication 5, 163–183.
^Large D, Walcher E. (1999). "The Rammelsberg massive sulphide Cu-Zn-Pb-Ba-Deposit, Germany: an example of sediment-hosted, massive sulphide mineralisation". Mineralium Deposita. 34 (5–6): 522–538. Bibcode:1999MinDe..34..522L. doi:10.1007/s001260050218. S2CID 129461670.
^ Leach, D.L., Sangster D.F., Kelley K.D., et al. (2005) Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits: A global perspective. In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., and Richards J.P. (eds.) Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 1905–2005, Society of Economic Geologists,Littleton, CO. p. 561–607.
^Large, R.R., Bull, S.W., McGoldrick , P.J., Derrick , G., Carr, G., Walters, S. (2005) Stratiform and stratabound Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Proterozoic sedimentary basins of northern Australia. In: Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., Richards, J.P. (Eds.) Economic Geology One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., Littleton, p. 931−963.
^ abcWilkinson, J.J., (2014), 13.9 Sediment-Hosted Zinc–Lead Mineralization: Processes and Perspectives. Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits, Elsevier, v. 13, p. 219-249.
^Leach, D. and others (2010) Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history. Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 593-625.
^ abcEmsbo, P., Seal, R.R., Breit, G.N., Diehl, S.F., and Shah, A.K. (2016)Sedimentary exhalative (sedex) zinc-lead-silver deposit model.. In: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5070–N, 57 S, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070N.
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