Sikh sects, denominations, traditions, movements, sub-traditions, also known as sampardai (Gurmukhi: ਸੰਪਰਦਾ; saparadā) in the Punjabi language, are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in different approaches to practicing the religion. All sampradas believe in the One Creator God typically rejecting both idol worship and caste systems. Different interpretations have emerged over time, some of which have a living teacher as the leader.[1][2] The major historic traditions in Sikhism, states Harjot Oberoi, have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari and Sarvaria.[3][4]
During the persecution of Sikhs by Mughals, several splinter groups emerged such as the Minas and Ramraiyas[5] during the period between the death of Guru Har Krishan and the establishment of Guru Tegh Bahadur as the ninth Sikh Guru. These sects have had considerable differences. Some of these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal Empire in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry.[2][5]
In the 19th century, Namdharis and Nirankaris sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to the Sikh faith to the "original ideology" of Sikhism.[6][7][8] They also accepted the concept of living gurus. The Nirankari sect, though unorthodox, was influential in shaping the views of Khalsa and the contemporary era Sikh beliefs and practices.[9][10] Another significant Sikh break off sect of the 19th century was the Radha Soami movement in Agra led by Shiv Dayal Singh, who relocated it to Punjab.[11] Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the 3HO Sikhism, also referred to as Sikh Dharma Brotherhood formed in 1971 for establishing the Sikh faith in the western hemisphere. This was led by Yogi Bhajan.[11][12][13] See also Dera (organization), non-Sikh Deras, for more examples of Sikh sects.
^Hardip Singh Syan (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^ abOpinderjit Kaur Takhar (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 350–359. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^Harjot Oberoi (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-226-61592-9.
^Rohani, M., & AliMardi, M. M. (2012). Sikh Sects. Journal of Seven Heavens, 14(54), 27-48. URL: https://haftasman.urd.ac.ir/article_66832.html?lang=en. "Sikhism consists of three major denominations; these sects in the order of importance are: Khālsā, Nāmdhari, Nirankāri. They take different positions on the nature of Guru or spiritual teacher. Khālsā sect - to which the majority of Sikhs adhere - itself consists of three groups, which become distinguished from each other by their certain kind of clothes, life style, and some religious principles. These three groups are called Nihang (Akāli), Nirmalā, and Sewāpanthi. Furthermore, in some scriptures, references have been made to one of the Sikh sects called Udāsi, which was established by Guru Nanak's oldest son, Sri Chand. By considering the beliefs and religious ceremonies, this sect is by no means similar to the mainstream Sikhism, because it neither acknowledges the series of ten Gurus, nor is Monotheistic. Nevertheless, since Udāsi identifies itself as the follower of Guru Nanak and has played an important role in Sikh history, it would be regarded as one of the Sikh sects in this paper."
^ abLouis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
^Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 151, 273. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
^Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–29, 73–76. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-4411-0231-7.
^Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
^Page 141, The Culture of India, Kathleen Kuiper, The Rosen Publishing Group
^ abKalsi, Sewa Singh (2005). Sikhism. Religions of the World. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 9–14. ISBN 0-7910-8098-6.
^Verne Dusenbery (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 560–570. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^Mooney, Nicola (2012). "Reading Weber Among the Sikhs: Asceticism and Capitalism in the 3Ho/Sikh Dharma". Sikh Formations. 8 (3). Taylor & Francis: 417–436. doi:10.1080/17448727.2012.745305. ISSN 1744-8727. S2CID 145775040.
the establishment of Guru Tegh Bahadur as the ninth Sikh Guru. These sects have had considerable differences. Some of these sects were financially and...
Soul." "Sects and other groups: Sikhism", Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). Historical Dictionary ofSikhism. Lanham...
Deity Icon Murti SectsofSikhismSikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Jainism D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume...
against the code of conduct (Kurehit) of the Sikhs; Amritdhari Sikhs can eat meat as long as it is Jhatka meat. Some religious sectsofSikhism—Damdami Taksal...
The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters ofSikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and...
Sikhs employs technique of Jhatka is practiced by sects within Sikhism when consuming meat that is either hunted or farmed. This historical method of...
Sahajdhari Sikh reformer whose main mission was to bring Sikhs back to the Adi Granth and Simran. He was the founder of the Nirankari sectofSikhism. Dyal...
to adherents of Sikhism as a religion, strictly not an ethnic group. However, because Sikhism has seldom sought converts, most Sikhs share strong ethno-religious...
a sectofSikhism. It was a reform movement founded by Baba Dyal Das in northwest Punjab in 1851. He sought to restore the practices and beliefs of Sikhs...
Sikh prisoners in World War II History of Punjab Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir Ganga Sagar (urn) Jat Sikh List of British Sikhs Mazhabi SikhSectsof Sikhism...
excommunicated eldest son of the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai, and the founder of the Ramraiyas, an unorthodox and heretical sect in Sikhism. He had four wives...
Modern scholars have called his movement as one of the unorthodox sects that emerged in the history ofSikhism. Chand was an accomplished devotional poet,...
as Lakhmi Chand, was the younger son of Guru Nanak and Mata Sulakhni and founder of the Jagiasi sectofSikhism. He was born to Guru Nanak and Mata Sulakhni...
the teachings of Guru Ravidas. It was considered a sect within Sikhism until 2009. However, some Ravidassias continue to maintain Sikh religious practices...
Mazhabi Sikh (also known as Mazbhabi, Mazbhi, Majhabhi or Majabhi) is a community from Northern India, especially Punjab region, who follow Sikhism. Mazhabi...
American Sikhism". The Juggernaut. "Religion: Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism". Time Magazine. High Priest Jaswant Singh, a leader of the Sikhs in eastern...
Singh. The main centre of Radha Soami Satsang Beas is located on the banks of the Beas River in the northern Indian state of Punjab. Radha Soami Satsang...
2023-06-19. W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. p. 127. Clarke...
"follower of the way of life of Nanak"), also known as Nanakshahi, is a Sikhsect which follows Guru Nanak (1469-1539), the founder ofSikhism. The term...
considers Sikhism as its faith, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs. The Khalsa tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth Guru ofSikhism, Guru...
to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior community called Khalsa in 1699 and introducing the Five Ks, the five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear...
in Sikhism. In 2001, Jathedar Santa Singh, the leader of Budha Dal, along with 20 chiefs of Nihang sects, refused to accept the ban on consumption of shaheedi...
movements Mansions of Rastafari Non-denominational Religious syncretism Schism Schools of Buddhism SectsofSikhism Shinto sects and schools Sociological...
tradition of the sants (sant parampara) remained non-sectarian, although a number of sant poets have been considered as the founders ofsects. Some of these...
Advait Mat, the living satguru is considered the path to God-realization. In Sikh philosophy, Nanak, defines satguru as truth itself and not a physical entity...
Sikhism has often been criticised by non-Sikhs regarding its texts, practices, and societal norms, but Sikhs and other scholars argue that these criticisms...