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In time series data, seasonality is the presence of variations that occur at specific regular intervals less than a year, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Seasonality may be caused by various factors, such as weather, vacation, and holidays[1] and consists of periodic, repetitive, and generally regular and predictable patterns in the levels[2] of a time series.
Seasonal fluctuations in a time series can be contrasted with cyclical patterns. The latter occur when the data exhibits rises and falls that are not of a fixed period. Such non-seasonal fluctuations are usually due to economic conditions and are often related to the "business cycle"; their period usually extends beyond a single year, and the fluctuations are usually of at least two years.[3]
Organisations facing seasonal variations, such as ice-cream vendors, are often interested in knowing their performance relative to the normal seasonal variation. Seasonal variations in the labour market can be attributed to the entrance of school leavers into the job market as they aim to contribute to the workforce upon the completion of their schooling. These regular changes are of less interest to those who study employment data than the variations that occur due to the underlying state of the economy; their focus is on how unemployment in the workforce has changed, despite the impact of the regular seasonal variations.[3]
It is necessary for organisations to identify and measure seasonal variations within their market to help them plan for the future. This can prepare them for the temporary increases or decreases in labour requirements and inventory as demand for their product or service fluctuates over certain periods. This may require training, periodic maintenance, and so forth that can be organized in advance. Apart from these considerations, the organisations need to know if variation they have experienced has been more or less than the expected amount, beyond what the usual seasonal variations account for.
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^"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
detect seasonality: A run sequence plot will often show seasonality A seasonal plot will show the data from each season overlapped A seasonal subseries...
others, the seasonality may relate to annual variations in human activity (for example, tourism, restaurants, some forms of manufacturing). Seasonal industries...
series. Seasonality can appear in an indirectly adjusted series; this is sometimes called residual seasonality. Due to the various seasonal adjustment...
United Nations. March 9, 2021. BBC Good Food - Seasonality table (UK) BBC Food - In season section Seasonal food calendar (note: this site requires you to...
cycle. Unlike reproductive cyclicity, seasonality is described in both males and females.[citation needed] Male seasonal breeders may exhibit changes in testosterone...
A seasonal beer is a beer that is typically brewed during or for a particular season, holiday or festival period. Many breweries produce seasonal beers...
2004 (ISBN 0-471-67876-7) Futures Spread Trading by Steven A. Mitchell Seasonality at futures market by SeasonAlgo Detailed description for futures spread...
Disease Control in which no links were detected between depression and seasonality or sunlight exposure. In the United States, the percentage of the population...
Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis (SHAPU) is an aggressive eye disease of unknown etiology, first described in 1975. It has been recorded almost exclusively...
Seasonal lag is the phenomenon whereby the date of maximum average air temperature at a geographical location on a planet is delayed until some time after...
Cerrado. Typical of central Brazil, it is caused by a double climatic seasonality: a season of intense summer rains followed by a period of drought. It...
Are there any outliers once seasonality has been accounted for? Is the seasonality changing over time? Practically, seasonal subseries plots are often inspected...
The seasonal year is the time between successive recurrences of a seasonal event such as the flooding of a river, the migration of a species of bird, or...
Seasonal packaging is a way of marketing a product and sparking sales in consumer segments that infrequently buy the product, by wrapping the product in...
Seasonal variation in human birth rate has been found to be a nearly universal phenomenon. Also, birth seasonality has been found to be correlated with...
Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage, is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several...
Seasonal tropical forest, also known as moist deciduous, semi-evergreen seasonal, tropical mixed or monsoon forest, typically contains a range of tree...
Seasonal human migration is the movement of people from one place or another on a seasonal basis. It occurs most commonly due to seasonal shifts in demand...
Seasonal influenza vaccine brands include Fluzone/Fluzone Quadrivalent and Vaxigrip/VaxigripTetra, Influvac and Optaflu. Fluenz, FluMist and their quadrivalent...
The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (French: Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers, SAWP) is a Government of Canada program that was introduced...
the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. Due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere...
compared using seasonally adjusted rates. The SAAR is calculated by dividing the unadjusted month rate for the month by its seasonality factor and multiplying...
the spring and fall: "The seasonal distribution of suicides among the 117 males was similar and showed a significant seasonality: spring and summer peaks...
United States, the efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) which is defined by the Air Conditioning...
loosely associated with the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year, the academic year, etc. The term can also be used...
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) is a term used in the heating and cooling industry. HSPF is specifically used to measure the efficiency of air...
winters and dry summers. Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests: in contrast to tropical rainforests, which do not have dry or...
such as the common bulbul, breeding seasonality is weak at the population level, instead moult can show high seasonality with individuals probably under strong...
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