In physics, the Schwinger model, named after Julian Schwinger, is the model[1] describing 1+1D (1 spatial dimension + time) Lorentzian quantum electrodynamics which includes electrons, coupled to photons.
The model defines the usual QED Lagrangian
over a spacetime with one spatial dimension and one temporal dimension. Where is the photon field strength, is the gauge covariant derivative, is the fermion spinor, is the fermion mass and form the two-dimensional representation of the Clifford algebra.
This model exhibits confinement of the fermions and as such, is a toy model for QCD. A handwaving argument why this is so is because in two dimensions, classically, the potential between two charged particles goes linearly as , instead of in 4 dimensions, 3 spatial, 1 time. This model also exhibits a spontaneous symmetry breaking of the U(1) symmetry due to a chiral condensate due to a pool of instantons. The photon in this model becomes a massive particle at low temperatures. This model can be solved exactly and is used as a toy model for other more complex theories.[2][3]
In physics, the Schwingermodel, named after Julian Schwinger, is the model describing 1+1D (1 spatial dimension + time) Lorentzian quantum electrodynamics...
Schwinger can refer to: Gene Schwinger (1932–2020), American basketball player Julian Schwinger (1918–1994), a physicist the Schwingermodel, which he...
electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and...
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions...
In quantum electrodynamics (QED), the Schwinger limit is a scale above which the electromagnetic field is expected to become nonlinear. The limit was...
addition to QCD in four spacetime dimensions, the two-dimensional Schwingermodel also exhibits confinement. Compact Abelian gauge theories also exhibit...
W mesons in the Schwingermodel, with a mass set by the mass scale Ã, and one massless U(1) gauge boson, similar to the photon. The Schwingermodel predicts...
theorem appeared for the first time, implicitly, in the work of Julian Schwinger in 1951 to prove the connection between spin and statistics. In 1954,...
confinement in certain low dimensional theories directly, such as for the Schwingermodel whose confinement is driven by instantons. In lattice field theory...
Benjamin–Ono equation SS model sausage model Toda field theories O(N)-symmetric non-linear sigma models Ernst equation massless Schwingermodel supersymmetric sine-Gordon...
Schwinger parametrization is a technique for evaluating loop integrals which arise from Feynman diagrams with one or more loops. Using the well-known...
{r} ,t)du.} The gauge condition of the Fock–Schwinger gauge (named after Vladimir Fock and Julian Schwinger; sometimes also called the relativistic Poincaré...
only well defined on diagrams. It replaces the Schwinger representation in dimension 4 with the Schwinger representation in dimension 4 − ε defined by:...
disappointment for Schwinger: The lack of appreciation of these facts by others was depressing, but understandable. -J. Schwinger See "the shoes incident"...
a field in their model corresponding to a spinless meson called σ, a scalar meson introduced earlier by Julian Schwinger. The model served as the dominant...
Lalit Kumar (2014). "Light-Front BRST Quantization of the Vector SchwingerModel with a Photon Mass Term". International Journal of Theoretical Physics...
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the...
Ernst Stueckelberg and Hans Bethe and implemented by Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga compensates for this effect and eliminates the troublesome...
contrary to the general belief till then. They solved the Chiral SchwingerModel (CSM), which is anomalous, exactly and proved that it has a consistent...
1940s and early 1950s, it was reformulated by Feynman, Tomonaga, and Schwinger, who jointly received the Nobel prize for this work in 1965. Today, the...
radiation integral over that polarization distribution. The Lippmann–Schwinger equation for the scattering state | Ψ p ( ± ) ⟩ {\displaystyle \vert {\Psi...
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