Rosika Schwimmer (Hungarian: Schwimmer Rózsa; 11 September 1877 – 3 August 1948) was a Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, world federalist and women's suffragist. A co-founder of the Campaign for World Government with Lola Maverick Lloyd,[3] her radical vision of world peace led to the creation of several world federalist movements and organizations. Sixty years after she first envisaged it, the movement she helped to create indeed took a leading role in the creation of the International Criminal Court,[4][5][6] the first permanent international tribunal tasked with charging individuals with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.
Schwimmer was born into a Jewish family in Budapest in 1877, she graduated from public school in 1891. An accomplished linguist, she spoke or read eight languages. In her early career, she had difficulty finding a job that paid a living wage and was sensitized by that experience to women's employment issues. Gathering data to provide statistics on working women, Schwimmer came into contact with members of the international women's suffrage movement and by 1904 became involved in the struggle. She co-founded the first national women's labor umbrella organization in Hungary and the Hungarian Feminist Association. She also assisted in organizing the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, hosted in Budapest in 1913.
The following year, Schwimmer was hired as a press secretary of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in London. When World War I broke out, she was branded an enemy alien and left Europe for the United States, where she spoke on suffrage and pacifism. She was one of the founders of the Woman's Peace Party and the organization which would become the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
In 1915, after attending the International Congress of Women in The Hague, she worked with other feminists to persuade foreign ministers in Europe to support the creation of a body to peacefully mediate world affairs and was instrumental in convincing Henry Ford to charter the Peace Ship. From 1916 to 1918, Schwimmer lived in Europe working on various plans to end the war. With the establishment of the First Hungarian Republic, she was appointed as one of the world's first female ambassadors (from Hungary to Switzerland) in 1918. When the Republic was toppled by a coup d'état, she fled to the United States, renouncing her Hungarian citizenship.
Applying for naturalization, Schwimmer was rejected on the basis of her pacifism. The case was overturned on appeal in 1928, and the following year the appeal was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in the decision United States v. Schwimmer. For the remainder of her life, she remained stateless. Unable to work because of ill-health and a smear campaign, she was supported by loyal friends.
In 1935, Schwimmer and Mary Ritter Beard established the World Center for Women's Archives to create an educational reference for women's history and document the individual and organizational achievements of influential women. She was one of the first world federalists, proposing a world government in 1937. Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948, she died before the committee decided not to award it that year. In 1952, naturalization laws in the United States were changed to allow for conscientious objection.
RosikaSchwimmer (Hungarian: Schwimmer Rózsa; 11 September 1877 – 3 August 1948) was a Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, world federalist and women's...
Schwimmer, a 1929 U.S. Supreme Court case dealing with RosikaSchwimmer's naturalization Volkswagen Schwimmwagen, nicknamed "Schwimmer" Schwimmer Airfield...
(Hungarian: Feministák Egyesülete (FE), 1904–1942) was created by RosikaSchwimmer and Vilma Glücklich. The organization pushed for women's equality in...
was established in 1937 by prominent feminists and peace activists RosikaSchwimmer and Lola Maverick Lloyd. CWG emerged as the pioneering organization...
attempt at a world government and world federalism, with close friend RosikaSchwimmer. Lola Maverick was born on November 24, 1875, in Castroville, Texas...
Hague, and in 1919, in Zürich. She was also aboard the Peace Ship with RosikaSchwimmer, and part of John Dewey's commission to study Soviet education in 1929...
journalist, editor, and active suffragist. She served as publicist for RosikaSchwimmer, was press agent for the Ford peace expedition of 1915–16, and worked...
forced to adjust to the realities of war. After "the guns of August", RosikaSchwimmer, a native of Austria-Hungary working in England but prevented by war...
rights. In the Supreme Court's upheld decision to deny citizenship to RosikaSchwimmer, a Hungarian immigrant, because she refused to pledge to take up arms...
Hungarian Jewish writer and peace activist. He was a strong influence on RosikaSchwimmer, his niece. Katscher translated the works of Hippolyte Taine into German...
American peace activist Louis P. Lochner and Hungarian journalist RosikaSchwimmer approached Ford, now commonly recognized as a pacifist, with a proposal...
closed on 3 May 1915, Addams and Jacobs, along with Chrystal Macmillan, RosikaSchwimmer and Mien van Wulfften Palthe-Broese van Groenou and others, formed...
preceded by the First Hungarian Republic representative to Switzerland RosikaSchwimmer (1918), the First Republic of Armenia Honorary Consul to Japan Diana...
the Committee on Public Information, where she worked closely with RosikaSchwimmer, the Hungarian ambassador to Switzerland, and one of the first female...
felt financed war, and he tried to stop them. In 1915, the pacifist RosikaSchwimmer gained favor with Ford, who agreed to fund a Peace Ship to Europe,...
for World Government was founded in 1937 by pacifists and feminists RosikaSchwimmer and Lola Maverick Lloyd. The campaign aimed to learn from the weaknesses...
(ISBN 084769805X) google. "To the High Court: Olive Rabe Representing RosikaSchwimmer". {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) "'Manu and the 'muse'"...
Dressing." Along with many other notable women, including Jane Addams and RosikaSchwimmer, Rosa Genoni attended the International Congress of Women, 28 April...
and 1908 annual meetings creating a suffrage committee was rejected. RosikaSchwimmer presented a lecture on the need for women to vote, and a suffrage committee...
pro-choice advocate who has fought numerous legal battles for that cause RosikaSchwimmer – Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, female suffragist Elie Wiesel*...
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