For other uses, see Rosa Luxemburg (disambiguation).
Rosa Luxemburg
Luxemburg, c. 1895–1905
Born
Rozalia Luksenburg
(1871-03-05)5 March 1871
Zamość, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died
15 January 1919(1919-01-15) (aged 47)
Berlin, Weimar Republic
Cause of death
Execution by shooting
Alma mater
University of Zurich (Dr. jur., 1897)
Occupations
Economist
revolutionary
Political party
Proletariat (1886–1893)
SDKPiL (1893–1918)
SPD (1898–1915)
USPD (1917–1918)
Spartacus League (1915–1918)
KPD (1919)
Spouse
Gustav Lübeck
(m. 1897, divorced)
Partners
Leo Jogiches
Kostja Zetkin
Parent(s)
Edward Eliasz Luksenburg Lina Lewensztejn
Relatives
de:Nathan Löwenstein von Opoka (cousin)
Signature
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Rosa Luxemburg (Polish: Róża Luksemburg, [ˈruʐaˈluksɛmburk]ⓘ; German:[ˈʁoːzaˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]ⓘ; born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary socialist, orthodox Marxist, and anti-War activist during the First World War. She became a key figure of the revolutionary socialist movements of Poland and Germany during the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly the Spartacist uprising.
Born and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. The same year, she was awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy from the University of Zurich, becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so. Successively, she was a member of the Proletariat party, the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), the Spartacus League (Spartakusbund), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
After the SPD supported German involvement in World War I in 1915, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League which eventually became the KPD. During the November Revolution, she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag), the central organ of the Spartacist movement. Luxemburg considered the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 a blunder,[1] but supported the attempted overthrow of the SPD-ruled Weimar Republic and rejected any attempt at a negotiated solution. Friedrich Ebert's SPD Cabinet crushed the revolt and the Spartakusbund by sending in the Freikorps, government-sponsored paramilitary groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World War I veterans of the Imperial German Army. Freikorps troops captured, tortured and executed[2] Luxemburg and Liebknecht during the rebellion.[3]
Due to her pointed criticism of both the Leninist and the more moderate social democratic schools of Marxism, Luxemburg has always had a somewhat ambivalent reception among scholars and theorists of the political left.[4] Nonetheless, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were extensively idolised as communist martyrs by the East German communist government.[5] The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BVS) asserts that idolization of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an important tradition of the 21st-century German far-left.[5] Despite her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, opposition from the Polish Socialist Party due to her stance against the 1918 independence of the Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made her a controversial historical figure in the present-day political discourse of the Third Polish Republic.[6][7][8]
^Frederik Hetmann: Rosa Luxemburg. Ein Leben für die Freiheit, p. 308.
^Feigel, Lara (9 January 2019). "The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg review – tragedy and farce". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^Christian (15 January 2023). "Cinco obras de Rosa Luxemburgo para recordar su legado" [Five works by Rosa Luxemburg to remember her legacy]. Tercera Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^Leszek Kołakowski ([1981], 2008), Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 2: The Golden Age, W. W. Norton & Company, Ch III: "Rosa Luxemburg and the Revolutionary Left".
^ abGedenken an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht – ein Traditionselement des deutschen Linksextremismus [Commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht – a traditional element of German left-wing extremism] (PDF). BfV-Themenreihe (in German). Cologne: Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2017.
^Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa" [Preface]. In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.). O rewolucji: 1905, 1917 [On revolution: 1905, 1917] (in Polish). Instytut Wydawniczy "Książka i Prasa". pp. 7–29. ISBN 978-8365304599.
^Cite error: The named reference winkler was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference damian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The RosaLuxemburg Foundation (German: Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung), named in recognition of RosaLuxemburg, occasionally referred to as Rosa-Lux, is a transnational...
and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), led by Karl Liebknecht and RosaLuxemburg, which wanted to set up a council republic similar to the one established...
War I. It was founded in August 1914 as the International Group by RosaLuxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Clara Zetkin, and other members of the Social Democratic...
revolutionary RosaLuxemburg, Jogiches was assassinated in Berlin by right-wing paramilitary forces in March 1919 while investigating Luxemburg's murder some...
the Berlin Palace on 9 November 1918. On 11 November, together with RosaLuxemburg and others he founded the Spartacist League. In December, his call to...
political left in Germany. For a time, he became the lover of another, RosaLuxemburg. Konstantin Zetkin, always identified as "Kostja" in family correspondence...
REVIEW : 'ROSALUXEMBURG': FIRE AMID A POLITICAL JUNGLE". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 December 2022. Insdorf, Annette (31 May 1987). "ROSALUXEMBURG: MORE...
analysis". Marx praised and built on Sismondi's theoretical insights. RosaLuxemburg and Henryk Grossman both subsequently drew attention to both Sismondi's...
Liebknecht and RosaLuxemburg famously published it in 1918 as organ of the Spartacus League. Following the deaths of Liebknecht and Luxemburg during the...
newspaper Sächsische Arbeiterzeitung. He enlisted the German revolutionary RosaLuxemburg as a contributor. From 28 January to 6 March 1898, Parvus used his newspaper...
Film Festival Award for Best Actress for performance in the drama film RosaLuxemburg. In 1990s, Sukowa starred in a number of international films, most notable...
Imperialismus) is the principal book-length work of RosaLuxemburg, first published in 1913, and the only work Luxemburg published on economics during her lifetime...
revolutionary movement was met with rising reactionary movements. As RosaLuxemburg stated in 1906 in The Mass Strike, when collective strike activity was...
murdered in 1919 before left communism became a distinct tendency, RosaLuxemburg has been heavily influential for most left communists, both politically...
along with RosaLuxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, was arrested in Berlin's Wilmersdorf district and taken to the Eden Hotel. Liebknecht and Luxemburg were then...
suspected assassin, according to the testimonies of two accomplices, of RosaLuxemburg on 15 January 1919 in Berlin. Souchon, a nephew of Admiral Wilhelm Souchon...
Germany. After the defeat of the uprising, and the murder of KPD leaders RosaLuxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Leo Jogiches, the party temporarily steered a more...
International of a revolutionary-democratic Socialism-from-Below was RosaLuxemburg, who so emphatically put her faith and hope in the spontaneous struggle...
murder of her friend and mentor, the communist pioneer RosaLuxemburg, she inherited Luxemburg's copious collection of papers, and devoted much time to...