Global InformationRomania information
Romania România (Romanian) | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
| Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!" ("Awaken thee, Romanian!") | |
  Location of Romania (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Bucharest 44°25′N 26°06′E / 44.417°N 26.100°E |
| Official languages | Romanian[1] |
| Recognised minority languages[2] | See here
|
| Ethnic groups (2021)[3] |
|
| Religion (2021)[4][5] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Romanian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
• President | Klaus Iohannis |
• Prime Minister | Marcel Ciolacu |
• President of the Senate | Nicolae Ciucă |
• President of the Chamber of Deputies | Alfred Simonis |
| Legislature | Parliament |
• Upper house | Senate |
• Lower house | Chamber of Deputies |
| Establishment history | |
• Principality of Wallachia | 1330 |
• Principality of Moldavia | 1346 |
• Little Union | 24 January 1859 |
• De jure Independence from the Ottoman Empire | 9 May 1877/1878 |
• Great Union | 1 December 1918/1921 |
• Military dictatorship | 1941 |
• Communist Romania | 30 December 1947 |
• Joined the United Nations | 14 December 1955 |
• Current state form | 27 December 1989[6][7][8] |
• Constitution adopted | 8 December 1991 |
• Joined NATO | 29 March 2004 |
• Joined the European Union | 1 January 2007 |
| Area | |
• Total | 238,398 km2 (92,046 sq mi)[9] (81st) |
• Water (%) | 3 |
| Population | |
• January 2023 estimate | 19,051,562[10] (63rd) |
• 2021 census |  19,053,815[11] (67th) |
• Density | 79.9/km2 (206.9/sq mi) (136th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $817.986 billion[12] (35th) |
• Per capita | $43,179[12] (48th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $369.971 billion[12] (41st) |
• Per capita | $19,530[12] (56th) |
| Gini (2023) |  31.0[13]medium |
| HDI (2022) | 0.827[14] very high (53rd) |
| Currency | Romanian leu (RON) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +40 (0262) Depending on county, with the use of phone-lines |
| ISO 3166 code | RO |
| Internet TLD | .roa |
Website https://www.gov.ro/ | |
| |
Romania[a] is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe.[15][16][17] It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) with a population of 19 million people (2023). Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
Europe's second-longest river, the Danube, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows southeast for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains cross Romania from the north to the southwest and include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).[18]
Settlement in what is now Romania began in the Lower Paleolithic followed by written records attesting the kingdom of Dacia, its conquest, and subsequent Romanisation by the Roman Empire during late antiquity. The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877. During World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania fought together with the Allied Powers from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, and parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș became part of the Kingdom of Romania.[19] In June–August 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the Red Army, Romania became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy and a market economy.
Romania is a high-income country,[20] with a very high Human Development Index[14] and a highly complex economy,[21] that is emerging to be a middle power in international affairs.[22][23] Romania ranked 47th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[24] Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union,[25] being the world's 44th largest by nominal GDP, and the 36th largest by PPP. Romanian citizens enjoy one of the fastest and cheapest internet speeds in the world.[26] Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanians and religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language (more specifically Eastern Romance). Romania is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, NATO, the Council of Europe, BSEC and WTO.
- ^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021)". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
- ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Recensământ 2021)". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
- ^ Kivu, Mircea (19 August 2022). "Un recensământ cu grave probleme". Contributors. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ Elgie, Robert (28 November 2017). Political Leadership: A Pragmatic Institutionalist Approach. Springer. ISBN 9781137346223 – via Google Books.
- ^ Romania Directory. Editura Cronos. 1 April 1990. ISBN 9789739000000 – via Google Books.
- ^ "DECRET-LEGE 2 27/12/1989 - Portal Legislativ". legislatie.just.ro.
- ^ "Romanian Statistical Yearbook (2022) – 1.8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2021 (pg.17)" (PDF). INS (www.insse.ro/cms/en). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Populaţia rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie 2023" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE (www.insse.ro). Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2021". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Romania)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Human Development Report 2023/2024" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^
- "Romania". presidency.ro. Presidential Administration of Romania. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
Geographical Facts ― Romania lies in the northern hemisphere, in the south-eastern Central Europe at the junction with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula and at the crossroad of important routes.
- Jordan, Peter (2005). "Großgliederung Europas nach kulturräumlichen Kriterien" [The large-scale division of Europe according to cultural-spatial criteria]. Europa Regional. 13 (4). Leipzig: Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde (IfL): 162–173. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024 – via Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN).
- Săgeată, Radu (2 December 2009). "Romania: a geopolitical outline". Potsdamer geographische Forschungen - Am östlichen Rand der Europäischen Union (28). Brandenburg: University of Potsdam: 45–58. ISBN 978-3-940793-97-3. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- Coord. Andrei, Tudorel (2019). ROMÂNIA ÎN CIFRE - breviar statistic [ROMANIA IN FIGURES - statistical breviary] (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Institute of Statistics (Romania). p. 5. ISSN 2066-4079. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Romania is located [longitudinally] in the geographical center of Europe (south-east Central Europe), north of the Balkan Peninsula, halfway between the Atlantic Coast and the Ural Mountains, [Translation]
- "Romania". dig.watch. Geneva Internet Platform - Digital Watch Observatory. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- Christine Lagarde (16 July 2013). "Eastern Europe and Romania—The Path to Prosperity". imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
Romania epitomizes the goal of an open and inclusive Europe. Romania is at the heart of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. It is where three worlds meet, not to collide, but to converge.
- "Romania". presidency.ro. Presidential Administration of Romania. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^
- "7 Invitees - Romania at a glance". nato.int. NATO. 19 February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
Romania is located in South-East Central Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. [...] The parallel of 45º north latitude (midway between the Equator and the North Pole) crosses Romania 70 km north of the capital, and the meridian of 25º east longitude (midway between the shore of the Atlantic and the Ural Mountains) passes 90 km west of Bucharest. Romania is situated at the contact of Central Europe with Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, [...] its territory constituting a bridge between Central and Southeastern Europe and the Near East.
- "GDP growth (annual %) - Central Europe and the Baltics". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- "Central Europe: Higher funding costs in bond markets". economic-research.bnpparibas.com. BNP Paribas. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- "The Evolution of Central Europe". Stratfor. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- Prince Michael of Liechtenstein (13 November 2018). "The lessons from the last 100 years of Central Europe's history". → "The Central European dilemma". GIS Reports. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- "7 Invitees - Romania at a glance". nato.int. NATO. 19 February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ Henrique Horta (14 November 2022). "The future of Romania in Europe, its relations with Moldova and the continental chessboard with Russia". blue-europe.eu. Blue Europe - The European Think Hub. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
Romania is located in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula, on the western beaches of the Black Sea. [...] Minor geographical modifications have been made since [the 19th century], but the majority of what is now modern Romania is made up of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania. [...] Wallachia's development was influenced by South Europe and the Ottoman Empire because of its proximity to the Balkans. [...] The Transylvanian Highlands are connected to Central Europe, where the Catholic religion and Austro-Hungarian influences can still be seen today. [...] However, Moldavia has a significant cultural impact, and was impacted by Eastern European elements like the Orthodox religion and the Russian Empire. [...] In this context, Romania is seen as being on the outskirts of South, East, and Central Europe. [...] Constanza's deep-water port serves as a geo-economic center connecting the markets of Central and Eastern Europe by road, rail, and air. [...] Romania has a fair share of geopolitical goals due to its location at the intersection of Central, East, and South Europe.
- ^ "Romania Geography". aboutromania.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ^ Stoleru, Ciprian (13 September 2018). "Romania during the period of neutrality". Europe Centenary. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
WB GROUPwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Country & Product Complexity Rankings". atlas.cid.harvard.edu. The Atlas of Economic Complexity. → "Romania". Harvard Kennedy School - Growth Lab. 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
Romania is a high-income country, ranking as the 45th richest economy per capita [in 2021] out of 133 studied. [...] Romania ranks as the 19th most complex country in the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) ranking. Compared to a decade prior, Romania's economy has become more complex, improving 9 positions in the ECI ranking. [...] Romania is more complex than expected for its income level.
- ^ Radu Magdin (February 2021). "Middle Powers Realities in the EU amid Great Power Ambitions" (PDF). ier.gov.ro. European Institute of Romania. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "A Balancing Act - Strategic Monitor 2018-2019". Clingendael Institute. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition" (PDF). www.wipo.int. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ Băzăvan, Adrian (20 August 2023). "România are, de departe, cea mai mare creștere economică din Europa". Cred în România (in Romanian). Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "30 de ani de Internet în România. Țara noastră rămâne în primele 10 state din lume la viteza de navigare grație rețelelor fixe". www.digi24.ro (in Romanian). 17 May 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).