The ancient Roman state encountered various kinds of external and internal emergencies. As such, they developed various responses to those issues.
When faced with an emergency, the early republic appointed dictators who would take charge of the emergency with relatively loose bounds of action and resolve that crisis before resigning. Through the republic, various decrees allowed dictators and magistrates to conduct emergency levies of troops and suspend public business. During the late republic, the senatus consultum ultimum emerged wherein the senate would urge the magistrates to break the laws to ensure the safety of the state, usually with the promise of political and legal cover if the magistrates were later brought to account. A further decree was introduced where the senate stripped targets of their citizenship rights, allowing magistrates to treat them as foreign enemies.
The fall of the republic and the emergence of autocracy made most of the republican decrees obsolete. The problems of public order they were meant to resolve were themselves resolved by the introduction of police forces. Various people, usually deposed emperors or provincial rebels, continued to be declared public enemies (hostis), but as the use of force became a normal part of imperial rule, various decrees authorising that use of force became unnecessary.
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before resigning. Through the republic, various decrees allowed dictators and magistrates to conduct emergency levies of troops and suspend public business...
French decrees, Orders in Council in the British Commonwealth, and executive orders in the United States are partially based on this notion of decrees, although...
ultimum was related to a series of other emergencydecrees that the republic could resort to in a crisis, such as decrees to levy soldiers, shut down public...
portal Romanemergencydecrees Giorgio Agamben Interregnum Smith, William; Wayte, William; Marindin, G.E. (1890). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities...
application decrees. Presidential decrees are generally nominations or exceptional measures where the law mandates a presidential decree, such as the...
leaders of other communities, and could unilaterally decree any new law. Sometimes he submitted his decrees to either the popular assembly or to the senate...
the Roman Republic passed decrees called senatus consulta, which in form constituted "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. While these decrees did...
Senate passed decrees called senatus consulta, which were official "advice" from the Senate to a magistrate. While technically these decrees did not have...
rejected this claim and swore Máximo San Román, Fujimori's vice president, into the presidency, but San Roman did not gain control over the state apparatus...
responsible for carrying into effect the decrees of the Senate and the laws of the assemblies. Sometimes, in great emergencies, they might act on their own authority...
Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (Russian: Роман Аркадьевич Абрамович, pronounced [rɐˈman ɐrˈkadʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ɐbrɐˈmovʲɪtɕ]; born 24 October 1966) is a Russian...
word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency. Like the term tyrant, and to a...
The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana [ˈreːs ˈpuːblɪka roːˈmaːna]) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of...
issue extraordinary decrees to obtain money for state expenditures refused by the Diet, through the Supreme Court, though such decrees could only last for...
Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity...
the Roman Republic was a set of uncodified norms and customs which, together with various written laws, guided the procedural governance of the Roman Republic...
The Roman army (Latin: exercitus Romanus) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom...
forces. His executive power and his sole imperium allowed him to issue decrees with the force of law. Also, the laws that kept citizens safe from the...
Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and presidential decrees. The government issues its acts in the way of decisions (Постановления)...
bewildering. In Attic decrees, and some others, it was also usual to give the day of the month. In Greek inscription of the Roman period the year of the...
Leader, who functions as the country's head of state, and executes his decrees. Unlike the executive in other countries, the president of Iran does not...
Председник Србије, romanized: Predsednik Srbije), officially styled as the President of the Republic (Serbian: Председник Републике, romanized: Predsednik Republike)...
the German philosopher and jurist Carl Schmitt, similar to a state of emergency (martial law) but based in the sovereign's ability to transcend the rule...
normally elected in times of emergency (usually military) for a short period. During this period, the dictator's power over the Roman government was absolute...
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC...
337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He played a pivotal...
An emergency baptism is a baptism administered to a person in immediate danger of death. This can be a person of any age, but is often used in reference...
public haruspices: at some time during the late Republic, the Senate decreed that Roman boys of noble family be sent to Etruria for training in haruspicy...
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