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Rohingya people information


Rohingya people
𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝
Total population
1,547,778[1]–2,000,000+[2]
Regions with significant populations
Rohingya people Bangladesh1,300,000+ (March 2018)[3]
Rohingya people Myanmar (Rakhine State)600,000 (November 2019)[4]
Rohingya people Pakistan500,000 (September 2017)[5]
Rohingya people Saudi Arabia190,000 (January 2017)[6]
Rohingya people Malaysia150,000 (October 2017)[7]
Rohingya people UAE50,000 (December 2017)[7]
Rohingya people India40,000 (September 2017)[8][9]
Rohingya people United States12,000+ (September 2017)[10]
Rohingya people Thailand5,000 (October 2017)[7]
Rohingya people Australia3,000 (October 2018)[11]
Rohingya people China3,000 (October 2014)[12]
Rohingya people Indonesia1,990 (December 2023)[13][14][15]
Rohingya people Japan300 (May 2018)[16]
Rohingya people   Nepal200 (September 2017)[17]
Rohingya people Canada200 (September 2017)[18]
Rohingya people Ireland107 (December 2017)[19]
Rohingya people Sri Lanka36 (June 2017)[20]
Rohingya people Finland11 (October 2019)[21]
Languages
Rohingya
Religion
Predominantly Muslims;[22] minorities of Hindus[23][24][25] and Christians[26][27]

The Rohingya people (/rˈhɪnə, -ɪŋjə/; Rohingya: 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝, IPA: [rʊˈɜi̯ɲ.ɟə]) are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group who predominantly follow Islam[22][28][29] and reside in Rakhine State, Myanmar. Before the Rohingya genocide in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar.[30][1][31][32][33] Described by journalists and news outlets as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world,[34][35][36] the Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law.[37][38][39] There are also restrictions on their freedom of movement, access to state education and civil service jobs.[39][40] The legal conditions faced by the Rohingya in Myanmar have been compared to apartheid[41][42][43][44] by some academics, analysts and political figures, including Nobel laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu, a South African anti-apartheid activist.[45] The most recent mass displacement of Rohingya in 2017 led the International Criminal Court to investigate crimes against humanity, and the International Court of Justice to investigate genocide.[46]

The Rohingya maintain they are indigenous to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the Arabs, Mughals, and Portuguese. The community claims it is descended from people in precolonial Arakan and colonial Arakan; historically, the region was an independent kingdom between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.[47][33] The Myanmar government considers the Rohingya as British colonial and postcolonial migrants from Chittagong in Bangladesh. It argues that a distinct precolonial Muslim population is recognized as Kaman, and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of Arakan Muslims in general to advance a separatist agenda.[48][49][50][51][52] In addition, Myanmar's government does not recognise the term "Rohingya" and prefers to refer to the community as "Bengali".[53][54] Rohingya campaign groups and human rights organizations demand the right to "self-determination within Myanmar".[55]

Various armed insurrections by the Rohingya have taken place since the 1940s and the population as a whole has faced military crackdowns in 1978, 1991–1992,[56] 2012, 2015, and particularly in 2016–2018, when most of the Rohingya population of Myanmar was driven out of the country, into neighbouring Bangladesh.[57][58][59][60][61][62] By December 2017, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, had crossed the border into Bangladesh since August 2017.[63][64][65][66][67] UN officials and Human Rights Watch have described Myanmar's persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing.[68][69] The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity",[70] and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide.[71][72] Probes by the UN have found evidence of increasing incitement of hatred and religious intolerance by "ultra-nationalist Buddhists" against Rohingyas while the Myanmar security forces have been conducting "summary executions, enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture and ill-treatment, and forced labour" against the community.[73][74][75]

Before the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis and the military crackdown in 2016 and 2017, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was close to 1.4 million,[30][31][76][77][1][78] chiefly in the northern Rakhine townships, which were 80–98% Rohingya.[79] Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to south-eastern Bangladesh alone,[80] and more to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations.[81][82][83][6][84] More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.[85][86] Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state[87][88] that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, and many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. The government of Myanmar has denied the allegations.

  1. ^ a b c Mahmood; Wroe; Fuller; Leaning (2016). "The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity". Lancet. 389 (10081): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2. PMID 27916235. S2CID 205981024.
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  5. ^ "Far From Myanmar Violence, Rohingya in Pakistan Are Seething". The New York Times. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b "190,000 Myanmar nationals' get residency relief in Saudi Arabia". Al Arabiya English. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b c "Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis". BBC News. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017.
  8. ^ "India in talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh to deport 40,000 Rohingya". Reuters. 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  9. ^ "India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees". Al Jazeera. 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  10. ^ Mclaughlin, Timothy (20 September 2016). "Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S." Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Australia has an obligation to the Rohingya people: So why is the federal government prevaricating?". Australia: ABC News. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023.
  12. ^ Chen, Chun-yan (2016). "旅居瑞丽的缅甸罗兴伽人生存策略探析" [Research on Survival Strategy of Myanmar's Rohingya in Ruili]. Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Science Edition) (in Chinese). 38 (2): 98–104. ISSN 1673-8179.
  13. ^ "Update Jumlah Total Pengungsi Rohingya dan Sebaran Penampungan di Aceh". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
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  17. ^ "200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants". Republica. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India
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  21. ^ "Finland helps Myanmar's Rohingya refugees through the Red Cross". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022.
  22. ^ a b Blakemore, Erin (8 February 2019). "Who are the Rohingya people?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
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  24. ^ "Rohingya Hindu women share horror tales". Dhaka Tribune. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  25. ^ "Rohingya Hindus now face uncertainty in Myanmar". Al Jazeera. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  26. ^ "Bangladesh: Investigate Abductions, Protect Ethnic-Rohingya Christians". Fortify Rights. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
  27. ^ "Christians Abducted, Attacked in Bangladesh Refugee Camp". 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024.
  28. ^ Albert, Eleanor; Maizland, Lindsay (13 January 2020). "What Forces Are Fueling Myanmar's Rohingya Crisis?". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  29. ^ Baynes, Chris (30 August 2018). "Aung San Suu Kyi 'should have resigned' over Rohingya Muslim genocide, says UN human rights chief". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  30. ^ a b UNHCR news briefing, 20 October 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2020/10/5f8d7c004/unhcr-calls-solidarity-support-solutions-rohingya-refugees-ahead-urgent.html,accessed 20 December 2020 Archived 27 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
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  32. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-19-922648-1.
  33. ^ a b Minar, Sarwar J.; Halim, Abdul (2020). "The Rohingyas of Rakhine State: Social Evolution and History in the Light of Ethnic Nationalism". Social Evolution & History. 19 (2). arXiv:2106.02945. doi:10.30884/seh/2020.02.06. ISSN 1681-4363. S2CID 229667451.
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  35. ^ Hofman, Lennart (25 February 2016). "Meet the most persecuted people in the world". The Correspondent. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  36. ^ Canal, Garielle (10 February 2017). "Rohingya Muslims Are the Most Persecuted Minority in the World: Who Are They?". Global Citizen. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  37. ^ Nitta, Yuichi (25 August 2017). "Myanmar urged to grant Rohingya citizenship". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  38. ^ "Annan report calls for review of 1982 Citizenship Law". The Stateless. 24 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019.
  39. ^ a b "Discrimination in Arakan". Burma/Bangladesh – Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh: Still No Durable Solution (Report). Vol. 12. Human Rights Watch. May 2000. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Kofi Annan–led commission calls on Myanmar to end Rohingya restrictions". SBS. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023.
  41. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford University, and 2009 Yale World Fellow),"War of Words: What's in the Name 'Rohingya'?", 16 June 2016, Yale Online, Yale University, 21 September 2017 Archived 10 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi’s Ultimate Test" Archived 22 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Sullivan, Dan, 19 January 2017, Harvard International Review, Harvard University. Retrieved 21 September 2017
  43. ^ Stoakes, Emanuel (14 October 2014). "Myanmar's Rohingya Apartheid". The Diplomat.
  44. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (28 May 2014). "Myanmar's Appalling Apartheid". The New York Times (Opinion). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  45. ^ Tutu, Desmond, former Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, Nobel Peace Prize (anti-apartheid and national-reconciliation leader), "Tutu: The Slow=Genocide Against the Rohingya", 19 January 2017, Newsweek, citing "Burmese apartheid" reference in 1978 Far Eastern Economic Review at Oslo Conference on Rohingyas; also online at: Desmond Tutu Foundation USA Archived 22 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 September 2017
  46. ^ ICC "Bangladesh/Myanmar Investigation", https://www.icc-cpi.int/bangladesh-myanmar; ICJ Order 23 January 2020 https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf, both accessed 20 December 2020 Archived 13 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine
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  50. ^ Final Report of the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, 2017 https://storage.googleapis.com/kofiannanfoundation.org/2017/08/FinalReport_Eng.pdf Archived 10 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
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  53. ^ "Why Myanmar's Rohingya are forced to say they are Bengali". The Christian Science Monitor. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
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  87. ^ "Mission report of OHCHR rapid response mission to Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 13–24 September 2017" (PDF). U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2017. The 'clearance operations' started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.
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