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The responsibility to protect (R2P) is a widely endorsed and developing norm aimed at preventing humanitarian atrocities.[1]China has been surprisingly[2] receptive towards the development of R2P since its inception in 2001,[3] despite China's traditional tendency to obstruct engagement in humanitarian crises.[4] As veto-wielding Security Council member, important regional power,[5] and major economic power, with interests in states experiencing, or vulnerable to, humanitarian crisis,[6] including Nigeria,[7] Zimbabwe,[8] Angola and Sudan,[9] the support of China for R2P is vital.
^Major endorsements of R2P at the international level (grouped by actor):
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the ICISS (International Development Research Centre Ottawa, 2001);
United Nations Secretaries General: Kofi Annan, A more secure world: our shared responsibility: Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change UN GOAR, 59th sess, A/59/565 (2004); Kofi Annan, In Larger Freedom: Towards development, security, and human rights for all: Report of the Secretary-General, UN GOAR, 59th sess, A/59/2005 (2005); Ban Ki-moon Secretary General Defends, Clarifies ‘Responsibility to Protect’ at Berlin Event on ‘Responsible Sovereignty: international Cooperation for a Changed World’ UN Dept. of Public Information SG/SM/11701 (2008); Ban Ki-moon, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect: Report of the Secretary-General UN GOAR, 63rd sess, A/63/677 (2009);
United Nations General Assembly: 2005 World Summit Outcome GA Res 60/1, A/Res/60/1 (2005) at [138]-[139];
United Nations Security Council: SC Res 1674, S/Res/1674 (2006) particularly at [4]; SC Res 1706, S/Res/1706 (2006); SC Res 1973, S/Res/1973 (2011) in particular at [4] and [8];
United Nations Special Advisor to the Secretary-General, Edward Luck “The United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect” (2008) The Stanley Foundation Available Here.
^Gareth Evans details his surprise at the 2004 Secretary-General High Panel Stage, see Gareth Evans The Responsibility To Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All (2008, Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C.) at 45;
This was regarded as particularly surprising given China's staunch opposition during the entire ICISS process, see Alex Bellamy "Whither the Responsibility to Protect? Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit (2006) 20 Ethics and International Affairs 143 at 151.
^International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the ICISS (International Development Research Centre Ottawa, 2001)
^Sarah Teitt ‘Assessing Polemics, Principles and Practices: China and the Responsibility to Protect’ (2009) 1 Global Responsibility to Protect 208 at 208-209
^In both the ASEAN Regional Forum and ASEAN Plus Three processes, see Jochen Prantl and Ryoko Nakano Global Norm Diffusion in East Asia: How China and Japan Implement the Responsibility to Protect (2011, Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies, Singapore) at 8.
^Stephanie Hanson “China, Africa and Oil” (2008) Council on Foreign Relations, available here.
^Peter Goodman “Cnooc Buys Oil Interest In Nigeria” The Washington Post (United States of America, 10 July 2006) available here.
^BBC News “China raises stakes in Zimbabwe” (2004) BBC News, available here.
^Rochelle Mutton “Mugabe sells bankrupt Zimbabwe's assets to China” The Age (Australia, 30 July 2005), available here.
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