Resource acquisition is initialization information
Programming idiom
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Resource acquisition is initialization (RAII)[1] is a programming idiom[2] used in several object-oriented, statically typed programming languages to describe a particular language behavior. In RAII, holding a resource is a class invariant, and is tied to object lifetime. Resource allocation (or acquisition) is done during object creation (specifically initialization), by the constructor, while resource deallocation (release) is done during object destruction (specifically finalization), by the destructor. In other words, resource acquisition must succeed for initialization to succeed. Thus the resource is guaranteed to be held between when initialization finishes and finalization starts (holding the resources is a class invariant), and to be held only when the object is alive. Thus if there are no object leaks, there are no resource leaks.
RAII is associated most prominently with C++, where it originated, but also Ada,[3] Vala,[4] and Rust.[5] The technique was developed for exception-safe resource management in C++[6] during 1984–89, primarily by Bjarne Stroustrup and Andrew Koenig,[7] and the term itself was coined by Stroustrup.[8]
Other names for this idiom include Constructor Acquires, Destructor Releases (CADRe)[9] and one particular style of use is called Scope-based Resource Management (SBRM).[10] This latter term is for the special case of automatic variables. RAII ties resources to object lifetime, which may not coincide with entry and exit of a scope. (Notably variables allocated on the free store have lifetimes unrelated to any given scope.) However, using RAII for automatic variables (SBRM) is the most common use case.
^Stroustrup, Bjarne (2017-09-30). "Why doesn't C++ provide a "finally" construct?". Retrieved 2019-03-09.
^Sutter, Herb; Alexandrescu, Andrei (2005). C++ Coding Standards. C++ In-Depth Series. Addison-Wesley. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-321-11358-0.
^"Gem #70: The Scope Locks Idiom". AdaCore. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^The Valadate Project. "Destruction". The Vala Tutorial version 0.30. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^"RAII - Rust By Example". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
^Stroustrup 1994, 16.5 Resource Management, pp. 388–89.
^Stroustrup 1994, 16.1 Exception Handling: Introduction, pp. 383–84.
^Stroustrup 1994, p. 389. I called this technique "resource acquisition is initialization."
^Arthur Tchaikovsky (2012-11-06). "Change official RAII to CADRe". ISO C++ Standard - Future Proposals. Google Groups. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
^Chou, Allen (2014-10-01). "Scope-Based Resource Management (RAII)". Retrieved 2019-03-09.
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