Spanish colonial settlements for relocation and Christianization of natives
For other uses, see Reduction.
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A church was always at the center of the reductions; this one is in Loreto, Baja California Sur.
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Reductions (Spanish: reducciones, also called congregaciones; Portuguese: redução, pl. reduções) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such reductions were also called aldeias. The Spanish and Portuguese relocated, forcibly in many cases, indigenous inhabitants (Indians or Indios) of their colonies into urban settlements modeled on those in Spain and Portugal.
The Royal Academy of Spain defines reducción (reduction) as "a grouping into settlement of indigenous people for the purpose of evangelization and assimilation."[1] In colonial Mexico, reductions were called "congregations" (congregaciones).[2][3] Forced resettlements aimed to concentrate indigenous people into communities, facilitating civil and religious control over populations.[4] The concentration of the indigenous peoples into towns facilitated the organization and exploitation of their labor. The practice began during Spanish colonization in the Caribbean, relocating populations to be closer to Spanish settlements, often at a distance from their home territories, and likely facilitated the spread of disease.[5] Reductions could be either religious, established and administered by an order of the Roman Catholic church (especially the Jesuits), or secular, under the control of Spanish or Portuguese governmental authorities. The best known, and most successful, of the religious reductions were those developed by the Jesuits in Paraguay and neighboring areas in the 17th century. The largest and most enduring secular reductions were those imposed on the highland people of the former Inca Empire of Peru during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569–1581).
During the early stages of Christianisation of the Americas, Spanish Catholic authorities might establish ecclesiastical missionary proto-parish subdivisions - Spanish: doctrinas; singular: Spanish: doctrina, lit. 'doctrine' – for the indoctrination of the faith.[6][7]
^"Reducciones". Dicionario de la Lengua Espanola. Real Academia Espanola. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369
^Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Western Chinantla, New Spain, 1599-1603." The Americas, vol. 12, no. 2, Oct 1955, pp. 115–137
^Austin, Shawn Michael (2020). Colonial Kinship. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 219–220. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^Altman, Ida. Life and Society in the Early Spanish Caribbean: The Greater Antilles 1493-1550. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021, pp.33, 46
^
"doctrina" [doctrine]. Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia Española. 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023. En América, distrito eclesiástico servido por un sacerdote expresamente nombrado para adoctrinar a la población indígena. [...] En América, pueblo de indios recién convertidos, cuando todavía no se había establecido en él parroquialidad o curato.
^
Sparks, Garry, ed. (3 July 2017). "Highland Maya Theological Production". The Americas' First Theologies: Early Sources of Post-Contact Indigenous Religion. AAR Religion in Translation. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780190678319. Retrieved 22 May 2023. This particular use of the term doctrina by Dominicans to refer to a specific kind of geographic locale that predated the parish in the region should not be confused with the other more general understanding of doctrina as doctrine, teaching, or instruction in the religious or non-religious sense [...].
California in the late 18th century. Reductions in Mexico were more commonly known as congregaciones. Indian reductions in the Andes, mostly in present-day...
predictions of a second theory Reductions, settlements in Spanish America intended to control and Christianize Indians Indian reductions in the Andes, settlements...
Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler...
CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Hudlický, Miloš (1996). Reductions in Organic Chemistry. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 429...
dioxide its oxidation number changes from −4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include oxidation of...
Redox potential (also known as oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pe, E r e d {\displaystyle E_{red}} , or E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} ) is a measure...
Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed...
{\displaystyle B\leq _{T}A} . The reductions presented here are not only Turing reductions but many-one reductions, discussed below. Every set is Turing...
Risk reduction may refer to: Health Absolute risk reduction or relative risk reduction, statistical descriptors of an intervention. Harm reduction, in...
The term population reduction may refer to: Population decline or depopulation, reductions in human population levels for reasons such as low birth rate...
in the phonology of consonant clusters. The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, involving...
Institute. January 22, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2018. "Log and Percent Reductions in Microbiology and Antimicrobial Testing". Microchem Laboratory. December...
(1999) reported a reduced incidence rate of 7.0 percent in the 324 breast reductions performed in 167 patients. Moreover, the incidence of such post-operative...
Voluntary Emission Reductions or Verified Emission Reductions (VERs) are a type of carbon offset exchanged in the voluntary or over-the-counter market...
Reduction of capital or capital reduction is to decrease stock of a company. During reduction of capital, sometimes the company returns a portion of the...
In computer science, graph reduction implements an efficient version of non-strict evaluation, an evaluation strategy where the arguments to a function...
P.; Bothner-By, A. A. (1959). "Kinetics of the Metal-Ammonia-Alcohol Reductions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes1". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81 (14): 3658–3666...
Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered...
In computer chess, and in other games that computers play, late move reductions is a non-game-specific enhancement to the alpha–beta algorithm and its...
Spot reduction refers to the claim that fat in a certain area of the body can be targeted for reduction through exercise of specific muscles in that desired...
Interproximal reduction (IPR, also called interproximal enamel reduction (IER), slendering, air rotor stripping (ARS) or reproximation) is the practice...
to w in D exists if and only if such a path exists in the reduction. Transitive reductions were introduced by Aho, Garey & Ullman (1972), who provided...
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