The Red Triumvirate (Italian: Triumvirato rosso), formally the Governing Commission of the State (Commissione governativa di Stato),[1] was a group of three cardinals who governed the Papal States after the suppression of the revolutionary Roman Republic of 1849, from 1 August 1849 until the return of Pope Pius IX from Gaeta on 12 April 1850.[2][3] Its members, named by the pope on 21 July 1849,[4] were Gabriele della Genga Sermattei, Lodovico Altieri, and Luigi Vannicelli Casoni [it]. The popular title "Red Triumvirate" contrasted them with the triumvirate of Armellini, Mazzini, and Saffi that had ruled the republic,[5] and referred to both the colour of the robes worn by cardinals and their purportedly bloody persecution of their opponents.[6]
^Tupputi, Carla Lodolini (1970). La Commissione governativa di Stato nella restaurazione pontificia (in Italian). Milan: A. Giuffrè.
^Glueckert, Leopold G. (1989). Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 (PhD). Loyola University Chicago. p. 128.
^de Cesare, Raffaele (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome, 1850–1870. Translated by Zimmern, Helen. London: Archibald Constable and Company. p. 25.
^"Il 'triumvirato rosso'". Biblioteca Salaborsa (in Italian). Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^Coppa, Frank J. (1990). Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs. Albany: State University of New York. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-791-40185-9.
^Kertzer, David I. (2018). The Pope Who Would Be King: The Exile of Pius IX and the Emergence of Modern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 274–75. ISBN 978-0-1-988-2749-8.
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