This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2021)
The rare earth industry in China is a large industry. Rare earths are a group of elements on the periodic table with similar properties. Rare earth metals are used to manufacture everything from electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines, consumer electronics and other clean energy technologies.[1] The rare earths cause improved system performance when for example electric battery terminal LiMn2O4 cathodes are doped with them,[2] and it is known that some EVs use lithium-ion batteries such as these.[3] Tesla automobiles "currently uses an lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) chemistry, while lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) chemistries are common across the rest of the EV industry." Vehicle "manufacturers are keen to reduce reliance on rare earths, which like cobalt, suffers from highly concentrated supply and unpredictable pricing, with China holding a virtual global monopoly in primary supply and processing."[4] Leading battery manufacturer Samsung SDI uses this technology for its phone and portable computer batteries.[5]
The elements are also important to national governments because they are used in the defense industry.[6] Twenty percent of rare earth demands are for use as permanent magnets.[6] Permanent magnets can be used for a variety of applications including serving as essential components of weapons systems and high performance aircraft.[6]
Rare earths are found in various minerals such as monazite and bastnasite.[7] They are dispersed in low concentrations and are costly to extract from ore.[8] Major reserves in the world exist in China, California (USA), India, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, and Malaysia.[7] However, China accounts for over 95 percent of the world's production of rare earths.[9] Therefore, having control of these elements puts China at a powerful position.
It is estimated the world has 99 million tonnes of rare earth reserve deposits.[10] China's reserves are estimated to be 36 million tonnes or roughly 30 percent of the world's total reserves.[10]
^"China may not issue new 2011 rare earths export quota: report". Reuters. 31 December 2010.
^Ram, Pura; Gören, Attila; Ferdov, Stanislav; Silva, Maria M.; Singhal, Rahul; Costa, Carlos M.; Sharma, Rakesh K.; Lanceros-Méndez, Senentxu (2016). "Improved performance of rare earth doped LiMn2O4cathodes for lithium-ion battery applications". New Journal of Chemistry. 40 (7): 6244–6252. doi:10.1039/C6NJ00198J.
^Iclodean, C.; Varga, B.; Burnete, N.; Cimerdean, D.; Jurchiş, B. (2017). "Comparison of Different Battery Types for Electric Vehicles". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 252 (1): 012058. Bibcode:2017MS&E..252a2058I. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/252/1/012058.
^JOHNSON, SCOTT K. (24 September 2020). "Here's what Tesla will put in its new batteries". WIRED Media Group Condé Nast. Ars Technica.
^Jamasmie, Cecilia (3 May 2019). "Tesla warns of coming battery minerals shortage". Glacier Media Group. mining.com.
^ abcMedeiros, Carlos Aguiar De; Trebat, Nicholas M.; Medeiros, Carlos Aguiar De; Trebat, Nicholas M. (July 2017). "Transforming natural resources into industrial advantage: the case of China's rare earths industry". Brazilian Journal of Political Economy. 37 (3): 504–526. doi:10.1590/0101-31572017v37n03a03. ISSN 0101-3157.
^ abGoldman, Joanne Abel (April 2014). "The U.S. Rare Earth Industry: Its Growth and Decline". Journal of Policy History. 26 (2): 139–166. doi:10.1017/s0898030614000013. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 154319330.
^"Rare-Earth Elements (REE)". globalsecurity.org.
^Tse, Pui-Kwan. "USGS Report Series 2011–1042: China's Rare-Earth Industry". pubs.usgs.gov. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ abAnil Das (7 January 2011). "2011 spells desperate search for rare earth minerals". International Business Times.
and 23 Related for: Rare earth industry in China information
The rareearthindustryinChina is a large industry. Rareearths are a group of elements on the periodic table with similar properties. Rareearth metals...
China Northern RareEarth (Group) High-tech Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中国北方稀土（集团）高科技股份有限公司), known as China Northern RareEarth (Chinese: 北方稀土; pinyin: Běifāng...
The rareearths trade dispute, between China on one side and several countries (led chiefly by the United States) on the other, was over China's export...
The Mountain Pass RareEarth Mine and Processing Facility, owned by MP Materials, is an open-pit mine of rare-earth elements on the south flank of the...
in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It specializes in mining and refining rareearth metals. It has installed capacity to process about 10,000 MT of rareearth bearing...
automotive industryin mainland China has been the largest in the world measured by automobile unit production since 2008. As of 2024[update], mainland China is...
rare-earths. (See: RareearthindustryinChina.) Although current evidence suggests rare-earth elements are less abundant on the Moon than on Earth, NASA views...
compete with the rareearthindustryinChina. The opposition to the development of 650 apartments in the grounds of St Paul's College school in the Dublin...
rare-earth materials company headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. MP Materials owns and operates the Mountain Pass mine, the only operating rareearth...
The steel industryinChina has been driven by rapid modernisation of its economy, construction, infrastructure and manufacturing industries. The steel...
Industry is 39.4% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022.[citation needed] In 2007, industry (including mining, manufacturing, construction,...
the U.S. and Chinain 24 Countries". Pew Research Center. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Made inChina. Economy of China § Industry and manufacturing...
The telecommunications industryinChina is dominated by three state-run businesses: China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile. The three companies...
company. Rareearth elements are critical minerals used in the defense industry and for electronics. China controls 80% of global rareearth production...
The electronics industryinChina grew rapidly after the liberalization of the economy under the national strategic policy of accelerating the "informatization"...
of crustaceans or 49% of global output. The Chinese fishing industry is the most heavily subsidized on earth. It also has the highest share of harmful subsidies...
other rare-earth mineral producers to create the world's second-biggest producer. China Minmetals RareEarth Co. will merge with Chinalco RareEarth & Metals...
accused of wanting to force high-tech industry using rareearth elements to move to China. Finding rareearth elements is only the first and some argue...
technology of rareearthsinChina), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 1995 Editor-in-chief, Journal of RareEarths Project 596 – China's first nuclear...
Maughan's account contrasts with the Chinese media's own reporting of the rareearthindustryin the area. In 2016, Chinese authorities identified contamination...
pharmaceutical industry is one of the leading industriesin the People's Republic of China, covering synthetic chemicals and drugs, prepared Chinese medicines...
of the silk industry was one of the few economic successes of China's Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek.: 116 In 2005, China accounted for...
The textile industryinChina is the largest in the world in both overall production and exports. China exported $274 billion in textiles in 2013, a volume...
Global Information