Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the act of suspecting, targeting or discriminating against a person on the basis of their ethnicity, religion, or nationality, rather than on individual suspicion or available evidence.[1][2] Racial profiling involves discrimination against minority populations and often builds on negative stereotypes of the targeted demographic.[3][4][5] Racial profiling can involve disproportionate stop searches, traffic stops, and the use of surveillance technology for facial identification.
Racial profiling can occur de jure, when the state has policies in place that target specific racial groups, or de facto, when the practice may occur outside official legislation.[6]
Critics argue that racial profiling is discriminatory, as it disproportionately targets people of color. Supporters argue that it can be an effective tool for preventing crime but acknowledge that the practice should be closely monitored and must be used in a way that respects civil rights.[7]
^"Ethnic Profiling: What It Is and Why It Must End". www.opensocietyfoundations.org. Open Society Foundations. May 2019. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
^"Racial Profiling: Definition". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
^Chan, Janet (2011). "Racial Profiling and Police Subculture". Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. 53 (1): 75–78. doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75. S2CID 146304906.
^"Profiling". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. 24 March 2024.
^Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy (2009). "The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 623: 52–63. doi:10.1177/0002716208330485. JSTOR 40375886. S2CID 146368789.
^Hosein, Adam Omar (2018). "Racial Profiling and a Reasonable Sense of Inferior Political Status". Journal of Political Philosophy. 26 (3): 1–20. doi:10.1111/jopp.12162. S2CID 149645353.
^Risse and Zeckhauser (2004). "Racial Profiling". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 32 (2): 131–170. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00009.x.
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