Qumran (Hebrew: קומראן; Arabic: خربة قمرانKhirbet Qumran) is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park.[1] It is located on a dry marl plateau about 1.5 km (1 mi) from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, about 10 km (6 mi) south of the historic city of Jericho, and adjacent to the modern Israeli settlement and kibbutz of Kalya.
The Hellenistic period settlement was constructed during the reign of Hasmonean leader John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE) or somewhat later.[2] Qumran was inhabited by a Jewish sect of the late Second Temple period, which most scholars identify with the Essenes; however, other Jewish groups were also suggested.[3][4][5] It was occupied most of the time until 68 CE and was destroyed by the Romans during the First Jewish–Roman War, possibly as late as 73 CE. It was later used by Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[6] Today, the Qumran site is best known as the settlement nearest to the Qumran Caves where the Dead Sea Scrolls were hidden, caves in the sheer desert cliffs and beneath, in the marl terrace. The principal excavations at Qumran were conducted by Roland de Vaux in the 1950s, and several later digs have been carried out.
Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Qumran has been managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority.
^"Qumran National Park". Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^Collins, John J. (15 April 2016). The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-1-4674-4517-7. OCLC 948605723.
^Stegemann, Hartmut (1992-01-01). "The Qumran Essenes - Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times". The Madrid Qumran Congress (2 Vols.): 83–166. doi:10.1163/9789004350120_006. ISBN 978-90-04-35012-0. The identity of the people living at Chirbet Qumran in late Second Temple times is still debated. The majority of scholars favour some kind of Qumran Essene hypothesis.
^Hempel, Charlotte (2012-04-01). "Beyond the Qumran Community: The Sectarian Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls". Journal of Jewish Studies. 63 (1): 160–161. doi:10.18647/3077/jjs-2012. ISSN 0022-2097.
^ATKINSON, KENNETH; MAGNESS, JODI (2010). "Josephus's Essenes and the Qumran Community". Journal of Biblical Literature. 129 (2): 317–342. doi:10.2307/27821022. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 27821022.
^"Qumrān | region, Middle East | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
Qumran (Hebrew: קומראן; Arabic: خربة قمران Khirbet Qumran) is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park. It is located...
The Dead Sea Scrolls, also called the Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a set of ancient Jewish manuscripts from the Second Temple period. They were discovered...
The Qumran Caves (Arabic: خربة قمران Kuhūf Qumrān; Hebrew: מערות קומראן HaMeara Kumran) are a series of caves, both natural and artificial, found around...
The following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the caves near Qumran. The Dead Sea Scrolls is a collection of manuscripts discovered between 1946...
"a cornerstone of his theological speculations." For many scholars, the Qumran fragments confirmed the Book of Giants to originally have been an independent...
Hebrew version is known to have survived. The individuals residing in the Qumran Caves, where the Dead Sea Scrolls and the book were unearthed, were not...
commonly believed to be the Essenes' library. The scrolls were found at Qumran, an archaeological site situated along the northwestern shore of the Dead...
following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 11 near Qumran. Wadi Qumran Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded 21 texts of Dead Sea Scrolls...
Sea Scrolls that were first discovered by Bedouin shepherds in 1946 from Qumran Cave 1. The scroll is written in Hebrew and contains the entire Book of...
considered one of the foundational documents of the ancient Jewish community of Qumran. The Damascus Document is a fragmentary text, no complete version of which...
following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 4 near Qumran. Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29...
23:17. The last but one Qumran Scroll to be published has been discovered to contain two festival dates observed by the Qumran sect as part of their formally...
Text or the Aramaic Apocalypse, is one of the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran which is notable for an early messianic mention of a son of God. The text...
following is a list of the Dead Sea Scrolls from the cave 1 near Qumran. Wadi Qumran Cave 1 was discovered for the first time in 1946. The initial discovery...
The Qumran Physiognomies was one of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a large collection of scrolls and fragments found near the Qumran community. The document labeled...
these specific individuals, the Pesharim are important in understanding Qumran's history and culture during the times that their authors lived. Below are...
Discipline, is one of the first scrolls to be discovered near khirbet (ruin of) Qumran, the scrolls found in the eleven caves between 1947 and 1954 are now referred...
Digital Library Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library...
7Q5 is the designation for a small Greek papyrus fragment discovered in Qumran Cave 7. It contains about 18 legible or partially legible Greek letters...
the editorial team. According to Strugnell, the scroll was found in the Qumran "Cave 11", in 1956, together with the other, already publicized scrolls...
There are about twenty different texts from Qumran that deal with a lunar phase calendar. They are mainly very fragmentary, so the calendar is not completely...
Psalms of the thirty-seven discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Qumran caves. It is one of six Psalms manuscripts discovered in Cave 11. The scroll...
Antigonus II Mattathias was the figure known as the Wicked Priest in the Qumran Scrolls. According to Doudna, Antigonus was the figure underlying the 'Wicked...
Irānshahr or Irānzamīn. Frye, Richard Nelson (October 1962). "Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian". The Harvard Theological Review. 55 (4): 261–268...
The Qumran cemetery is in eastern Qumran in the West Bank, part of Palestinian area which is under Israeli occupation. It is a large area leading to a...
contained and to further survey the graveyard at Qumran, which evolved into the first comprehensive map of the Qumran settlement and adjacent cemetery. In 2004...
manuscript of the Book of Leviticus written on parchment. It was found at Qumran cave 4 and is dated to the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE. It got the...
Priestly Teacher of Righteousness." Revue de Qumrân 6: 553–558. Callaway, Phillip R. 1988. The History of the Qumran Community. Sheffeld: Sheffeld Academic...
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