Notation for conserved quantities in physics and chemistry
"Q-number" redirects here. For the Q-theory concept, see Q-analog. For the number format, see Q (number format).
Single electron orbitals for hydrogen-like atoms with quantum numbers n = 1, 2, 3 (blocks), ℓ (rows) and m (columns). The spin s is not visible, because it has no spatial dependence.
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Quantum mechanics
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In quantum physics and chemistry, quantum numbers are quantities that characterize the possible states of the system. Quantum numbers are closely related to eigenvalues of observables. When the corresponding observable commutes with the Hamiltonian, the quantum number is said to be "good", and acts as a constant of motion in the quantum dynamics.
To fully specify the state of the electron in a hydrogen atom, four quantum numbers are needed. The traditional set of quantum numbers includes the principal, azimuthal, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers. To describe other systems, different quantum numbers are required. For subatomic particles, one needs to introduce new quantum numbers, such as the flavour of quarks, which have no classical correspondence.
commutes with the Hamiltonian, the quantumnumber is said to be "good", and acts as a constant of motion in the quantum dynamics. To fully specify the state...
In quantum mechanics, the principal quantumnumber (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that...
In quantum mechanics, the azimuthal quantumnumber ℓ is a quantumnumber for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes...
In physics and chemistry, the spin quantumnumber is a quantumnumber (designated s) that describes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum...
In atomic physics, a magnetic quantumnumber is a quantumnumber used to distinguish quantum states of an electron or other particle according to its angular...
In quantum mechanics, the total angular momentum quantumnumber parametrises the total angular momentum of a given particle, by combining its orbital angular...
In quantum mechanics, the eigenvalue q {\displaystyle q} of an observable O {\displaystyle O} is said to be a good quantumnumber if the observable O {\displaystyle...
In physics, a topological quantumnumber (also called topological charge) is any quantity, in a physical theory, that takes on only one of a discrete set...
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that embodies the knowledge of a quantum system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction...
In quantum field theory, multiplicative quantum numbers are conserved quantum numbers of a special kind. A given quantumnumber q is said to be additive...
Quantum machine learning is the integration of quantum algorithms within machine learning programs. The most common use of the term refers to machine learning...
Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information theory to study the processing, analysis, and...
quantumnumber that can take values of 0, 1, 2 ... In molecular spectroscopy where several types of molecular energy are studied and several quantum numbers...
Quantum mechanics is the study of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics...
The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent...
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum...
four of their quantum numbers, which are: n, the principal quantumnumber; ℓ, the azimuthal quantumnumber; mℓ, the magnetic quantumnumber; and ms, the...
A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena. On small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles...
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are...
of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics. The major chapters of this history begin with the emergence of quantum ideas...
of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics...
The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. Because an arbitrary smooth potential can usually...
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons. Quarks are fundamental...
quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Although quantum...
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels...
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. Quantum decoherence has been studied to understand how quantum systems convert to systems which can...
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