An astronomical system positing that the Earth, Moon, Sun, and planets revolve around an unseen "Central Fire" was developed in the fifth century BC and has been attributed to the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus.[1][2] The system has been called "the first coherent system in which celestial bodies move in circles",[3] anticipating Copernicus in moving "the earth from the center of the cosmos [and] making it a planet".[4] Although its concepts of a Central Fire distinct from the Sun, and a nonexistent "Counter-Earth" were erroneous, the system contained the insight that "the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies" was (in large part) due to "the real motion of the observer".[5] How much of the system was intended to explain observed phenomena and how much was based on myth, mysticism, and religion is disputed.[4][5] While the departure from traditional reasoning is impressive, other than the inclusion of the five visible planets, very little of the Pythagorean system is based on genuine observation. In retrospect, Philolaus's views are "less like scientific astronomy than like symbolical speculation."[6]
Philolaus believed there was a "Counter-Earth" (Antichthon) orbiting the "Central Fire" and that neither were visible from Earth. The upper illustration depicts Earth at night while the lower one depicts Earth in the day.[7]
^Cite error: The named reference Boekh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^E. Cobham Brewer (1894). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable(PDF). p. 1233.
^"The Pythagoreans". University of California Riverside. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
^ abCite error: The named reference stanford was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference burch was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kahn, C. (2001). Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans : A brief history / Charles H. Kahn. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub.
^Orr, M. A. (1914). Dante and the Early Astronomers. Gall and Inglis.
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