Multi-fragmented fracture of the proximal humerus with involvement of the greater tuberosity
Specialty
Orthopedics
Symptoms
Pain, swelling, decreased ability to move the shoulder[1]
Types
1 part, 2 part, 3 part, 4 part[2]
Causes
Fall onto the arm, direct trauma to the arm[3]
Risk factors
Osteoporosis[4]
Diagnostic method
X-rays, CT scan[3]
Treatment
Arm sling, specific exercises, surgery[3]
Frequency
Common[4]
A proximal humerus fracture is a break of the upper part of the bone of the arm (humerus).[3] Symptoms include pain, swelling, and a decreased ability to move the shoulder.[1] Complications may include axillary nerve or axillary artery injury.[3]
The cause is generally a fall onto the arm or direct trauma to the arm.[3] Risk factors include osteoporosis and diabetes.[4][5] Diagnosis is generally based on X-rays or CT scan.[3] It is a type of humerus fracture.[6] A number of classification systems exist.[5]
Treatment is generally with an arm sling for a brief period of time followed by specific exercises.[3] This appears appropriate in many cases even when the fragments are separated.[7] Less commonly surgery is recommended.[3]
Proximal humerus fractures are common.[4] Older people are most commonly affected.[3] In this age group they are the third most common fractures after hip and Colles fractures.[5] Women are more often affected than men.[5]
^ ab"Shoulder Trauma (Fractures and Dislocations)". OrthoInfo - AAOS. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^Carofino BC, Leopold SS (January 2013). "Classifications in brief: the Neer classification for proximal humerus fractures". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 471 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2454-9. PMC 3528923. PMID 22752734.
^ abcdefghij"Proximal Humeral Fractures". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ abcdBentley, George (2009). European Instructional Lectures: Volume 9, 2009; 10th EFORT Congress, Vienna, Austria. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 81. ISBN 9783642009662.
^"Humerus Fracture (Upper Arm Fracture) | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^Handoll, Helen Hg; Elliott, Joanne; Thillemann, Theis M.; Aluko, Patricia; Brorson, Stig (2022-06-21). "Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6): CD000434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000434.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 9211385. PMID 35727196.
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