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The Romani Holocaust or the Romani genocide[6] was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.[7]
Under Adolf Hitler, a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws was issued on 26 November 1935, classifying the Romani people (or Roma) as "enemies of the race-based state", thereby placing them in the same category as the Jews. Thus, the fate of the Roma in Europe paralleled that of the Jews in the Holocaust.[3]
Historians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Nazi Germans and their collaborators—25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.[3] Later research cited by Ian Hancock estimated the death toll to be at about 1.5 million out of an estimated 2 million European Roma.[5]
In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that Nazi Germany had committed genocide against the Romani people.[8][9] In 2011, Poland officially adopted 2 August as a day of commemoration of the Romani genocide.[10]
Within the Nazi German state, first persecution, then extermination, was aimed primarily at sedentary "Gypsy mongrels". In December 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered the deportation of all Roma from the Greater Germanic Reich, and most were sent to the specially established Gypsy concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Other Roma were deported there from the Nazi-occupied Western European territories. Approximately 21,000 of the 23,000 European Roma and Sinti sent there did not survive. In areas outside the reach of systematic registration, e.g., in the German-occupied areas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Roma who were most threatened were those who, in the German judgment, were "vagabonds", though some were actually refugees or displaced persons. Here, they were killed mainly in massacres perpetrated by the German military and police formations as well as by the Schutzstaffel (SS) task forces, and in armed resistance against the Nazi German occupation of Europe.[3]
^Benz, Wolfgang (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide (1st ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 119–131. ISBN 0-231-11215-7.
^"Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ abcd"Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". USHMM. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2010). Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century. Simon & Schuster (Touchstone). p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4391-4380-3.,
^ abHancock, Ian (2005), "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", The Historiography of the Holocaust, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 383–396, ISBN 978-1-4039-9927-6, archived from the original on 28 September 2011
^also known as the Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA:[pʰoɽajˈmos], meaning "the Devouring"), the Pharrajimos (meaning "the Cutting up", "the Fragmentation", "the Destruction"), and the Samudaripen ("Mass killing")
^Davis, Mark (5 May 2015). "How World War II shaped modern Germany". euronews.
^"Germany unveils Roma Holocaust memorial". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
^"Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany". Telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
^Cite error: The named reference Poland was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The RomaniHolocaust or the Romani genocide was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing...
actual number of Romani victims who were killed in the RomaniHolocaust cannot be assessed. Most estimates of the number of Romani victims who were killed...
experiencing firsthand the incarceration of Roma during the Porajmos (the RomaniHolocaust of World War II) in the Independent State of Croatia, Jovanović later...
The Romani flag or the flag of the Roma (Romani: O styago le romengo, or O romanko flako) is the international ethnic flag of the Romani people, historically...
Sinti writer and activist from Germany, who was a survivor of the RomaniHolocaust, having been imprisoned in Auschwitz. She later published works that...
The Holocaust in Romania, Ion Antonescu ordered surveys to assess the Romani population in Romania. The results estimated 208,700 people of Romani ethnicity...
Holocaust victims were people targeted by the government of Nazi Germany based on their ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, disability or sexual orientation...
Teleki applies the term Holocaust to both the murder of Jews and Romani peoples by the Nazis. In The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, American historians...
The Roma Holocaust Memorial Day (known with various slightly different names) is a memorial day that commemorates the victims of the Romani genocide (Porajmos)...
killed during the RomaniHolocaust of World War II, with estimates between 800 and 1,000 people killed; approximately 5-6% of Estonian Romani people survived...
that the RomaniHolocaust was a "positive" during his Netflix comedy special, His Dark Material. Carr's remarks were widely condemned by Holocaust memorial...
German guards. About half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust died by poison gas. Thousands of Romani people were also murdered in the extermination camps...
previous period of German occupation. Less is known about the Holocaust of the Romani people (called "Gypsy" in English and Ziguener in German) than...
INTERNATIONAL ROMANI UNION". Retrieved 2018-12-18. "Beginnings and Growth of transnational Movements of Roma to achieve Civil Rights after the Holocaust". "ROMANO...
from 1937 until he was subsequently killed during the Holocaust (WWII). The ‘RomaniHolocaust’ or Porrajmos, denotes the Nazi effort to eliminate the...
Romani Americans (Romani: romani-amerikani) are Americans who have full or partial Romani ancestry. It is estimated that there are one million Romani...
Jew, her personal identity and association with the Sinti group of the Romani people were discovered in 1994. Steinbach was born in Buchten as the daughter...
During World War II, some individuals and groups helped Romani people and others escape the Porajmos conducted by Nazi Germany. In Crimea, Crimean Tatars...
25 March 2024) was a German Holocaust survivor and human rights activist. Of Sinti origin, she survived the RomaniHolocaust and testified at the Frankfurt...
šipkos, kaj la lela tel, aňi na čalavela." North Central RomaniRomani people RomaniHolocaust Language death Boretzky, Norbert. 1999. Die Gliederung der...
it is Eurocentric. Some Holocaust scholars who support the uniqueness concept deny other genocides, such as the RomaniHolocaust and the Armenian genocide...
The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum....
family in 1943 and taken to Auschwitz concentration camp as part of the RomaniHolocaust. Franz survived the camp, testifying against a SS officer. She lived...
The Romani people, also referred to as Roma, Sinti, or Kale, depending on the subgroup, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that primarily lives in Europe....
Sinta or Sinte; masc. sing. Sinto; fem. sing. Sintesa) are a subgroup of Romani people. They are found mostly in Germany, France and Italy and Central Europe...
Porajmos, the RomaniHolocaust. 1967: The International Gypsy Committee was created. 2006: University of Manchester completes its "Romani project", the...