This article is about classification of programming languages. For definition of the term "programming model", see Programming model.
A programming paradigm is a relatively high-level way to structure and conceptualize the implementation of a computer program. A programming language can be classified as supporting one or more paradigms.[1]
Paradigms are separated along and described by different dimensions of programming. Some paradigms are about implications of the execution model, such as allowing side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are about the way code is organized, such as grouping into units that include both state and behavior. Yet others are about syntax and grammar.
Some common programming paradigms include (shown in hierarchical relationship):[2][3][4]
Imperative – code directly controls execution flow and state change
procedural – organized as procedures that call each other
object-oriented – organized as objects that contain both data structure and associated behavior
Declarative – code declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it
functional – a desired result is declared as the value of a series of function evaluations
logic – a desired result is declared as the answer to a question about a system of facts and rules
reactive – a desired result is declared with data streams and the propagation of change
^"Multi-Paradigm Programming Language". Mozilla Developer Network. Mozilla Foundation. Jun 21, 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013.
^Nørmark, Kurt. Overview of the four main programming paradigms. Aalborg University, 9 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
^Frans Coenen (1999-10-11). "Characteristics of declarative programming languages". cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^Michael A. Covington (2010-08-23). "CSCI/ARTI 4540/6540: First Lecture on Symbolic Programming and LISP" (PDF). University of Georgia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
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