A shale gas well being drilled by a drilling rig in Pennsylvania
Produced water is a term used in the oil industry or geothermal industry to describe water that is produced as a byproduct during the extraction of oil and natural gas,[1] or used as a medium for heat extraction.[2][3][4][5] Water that is produced along with the hydrocarbons is generally brackish and saline water in nature.[6] Oil and gas reservoirs often have water as well as hydrocarbons, sometimes in a zone that lies under the hydrocarbons, and sometimes in the same zone with the oil and gas. In geothermal plants, the produced water is usually hot. It contains steam with dissolved solutes and gases, providing important information on the geological, chemical, and hydrological characteristics of geothermal systems.[2]
Oil wells sometimes produce large volumes of water with the oil, while gas wells tend to produce water in smaller proportions.
As an oilfield becomes old, its natural drive to produce hydrocarbons decreases leading to decline in production. To achieve maximum oil recovery, waterflooding is often implemented, in which water is injected into the reservoirs to help force the oil to the production wells. In offshore areas, sea water is used. In onshore installations, the injected water is obtained from rivers, treated produced water, or underground. Injected water is treated with many chemicals to make it suitable for injection. The injected water eventually reaches the production wells, and so in the later stages of water flooding, the produced water's proportion ("cut") of the total production increases.
^Klemz, Ana Caroline; Weschenfelder, Silvio Edegar; Lima de Carvalho Neto, Sálvio; Pascoal Damas, Mayra Stéphanie; Toledo Viviani, Juliano Cesar; Mazur, Luciana Prazeres; Marinho, Belisa Alcantara; Pereira, Leonardo dos Santos; da Silva, Adriano; Borges Valle, José Alexandre; de Souza, Antônio Augusto U.; Guelli U. de Souza, Selene M. A. (2021-04-01). "Oilfield produced water treatment by liquid-liquid extraction: A review". Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 199: 108282. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108282. ISSN 0920-4105. S2CID 233073324.
^ abSu, Shujuan; Li, Ying; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Qifeng; Liu, Zhaofei; Lu, Chang; Hu, Le (2022-06-01). "Geochemistry of geothermal fluids in the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone, North China: Implications for structural segmentation". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 230: 105218. Bibcode:2022JAESc.23005218S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105218. ISSN 1367-9120. S2CID 248019293.
^Song, Guofeng; Song, Xianzhi; Ji, Jiayan; Wu, Xiaoguang; Li, Gensheng; Xu, Fuqiang; Shi, Yu; Wang, Gaosheng (2022-03-01). "Evolution of fracture aperture and thermal productivity influenced by chemical reaction in enhanced geothermal system". Renewable Energy. 186: 126–142. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.133. ISSN 0960-1481. S2CID 245682408.
^Tao, Jian; Yang, Xing-Guo; Ding, Pei-Pei; Li, Xi-Long; Zhou, Jia-Wen; Lu, Gong-Da (2022-06-05). "A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for cemented backfill application in geothermal conditions". Engineering Geology. 302: 106643. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106643. ISSN 0013-7952. S2CID 247848365.
^Li, S.; Wang, S.; Tang, H. (2022-03-01). "Stimulation mechanism and design of enhanced geothermal systems: A comprehensive review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 155: 111914. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111914. ISSN 1364-0321. S2CID 244823147.
^D. Atoufi, Hossein; Lampert, David J. (2020). "Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Contaminant Levels in Sediments". Current Pollution Reports. 6 (2): 43–53. doi:10.1007/s40726-020-00137-5. ISSN 2198-6592. S2CID 211080984 – via Springer Nature.
Producedwater is a term used in the oil industry or geothermal industry to describe water that is produced as a byproduct during the extraction of oil...
U.S. shale oil and gas producing operations. Ongoing research seeks to identify safe ways to reuse producedwater. The water is usually highly saline...
declines due to natural production or the pumping of water from the coalbed, both gas and producedwater come to the surface through tubing. Then the gas...
of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the...
could otherwise form bubbles. In a producedwater treatment plant it is part of the process to clean producedwater prior to disposal. For a small amount...
Carbonated water (also known as soda water, bubbly water, sparkling water, fizzy water, club soda, water with gas, in many places as mineral water, or especially...
treatment for proper disposal or further utilization (fresh water recovery). Brines are produced in multiple ways in nature. Modification of seawater via...
is to producewater that is fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification...
Waters. It produces and distributes numerous brands of bottled water across North America including Arrowhead Water, Deer Park Spring Water, Ice Mountain...
producedwater from oil and gas extraction, radionuclides Wastestreams that are by-products of treatment or cooling processes: backwashing (water treatment)...
An atmospheric water generator (AWG), is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air, producing potable water. Water vapor in the air can be extracted...
harmful to humans or animals. Purified water is usually produced by the purification of drinking water or ground water. The impurities that may need to be...
surface water reservoirs. Discharging oil and gas producedwater to surface streams without an NPDES permit is a federal crime. Discharges through water treatment...
water splitting occurs in photosynthesis, but hydrogen is not produced. The reverse of water splitting is the basis of the hydrogen fuel cell. Water splitting...
solution) is produced by the electrolysis of ordinary tap water containing dissolved sodium chloride. The electrolysis of such salt solutions produces a solution...
often producedwater disposal is into shallower zones safely beneath any fresh water zones. aquifer producers intentionally producingwater for re-injection...
export. Typical oil well production fluids are a mixture of oil, gas and producedwater. An oil production plant is distinct from an oil depot, which does not...
of fresh water include surface water, under river flow, groundwater and frozen water. Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland....
heat exchanger, cooled water is produced. Water is most dense at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. Thus as water cools below 3.98 °C it...
used by decision-makers, legislators, and voters. The paper highlights producedwater management trends, provides examples of recycling and reuse, explores...
seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. The vast majority of surface water is produced by precipitation. As the climate warms in the spring, snowmelt runs...
avoid using either enriched uranium or heavy water (being cooled with ordinary water instead) which produced the positive void coefficient that was one...
(through, for example, abandoned wells, fractures, and faults) or by producedwater (the returning fluids, which also contain dissolved constituents such...
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