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Prehistory
Prehistory of Anatolia
Palaeolithic Anatolia
c. 500,000– 10,000 BC
Mesolithic Anatolia
c. 11,000– 9,000 BC
Neolithic Anatolia
c. 8,000– 5,500 BC
Bronze Age
Troy
3000–700 BC
Hattians
2500–2000 BC
Akkadian Empire
2400–2150 BC
Luwians
2300–1400 BC
Assyria
1950–1750 BC
Kussara
1780–1680 BC
Achaeans (Homer)
1700–1300 BC
Kizzuwatna
1650–1450 BC
Hittites
1680–1220 BC
Arzawa
1500–1320 BC
Mitanni
1500–1300 BC
Hayasa-Azzi
1500–1290 BC
Lycia
1450–350 BC
Assuwa
1300–1250 BC
Diauehi
1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites
1200–800 BC
Phrygia
1200–700 BC
Caria
1150–547 BC
Tuwanuwa
1000–700 BC
Ionia
1000–545 BC
Urartu
859–595/585 BC
Iron Age
Diauehi
1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites
1200–800 BC
Phrygia
1200–700 BC
Caria
1150–547 BC
Doris
1100–560 BC
Aeolis
1000–560 BC
Tuwanuwa
1000–700 BC
Ionia
1000–545 BC
Urartu
859–595/585 BC
Median Empire
678–549 BC
Lydia
685–547 BC
Classical Age
Classical Anatolia
Classical Thrace
Achaemenid Empire
559–331 BC
Kingdom of Alexander the Great
334–301 BC
Kingdom of Cappadocia
322–130 BC
Antigonids
306–168 BC
Seleucid Empire
305–64 BC
Ptolemaic Kingdom
305–30 BC
Kingdom of Pontus
302–64 BC
Bithynia
297–74 BC
Attalid kingdom
282–129 BC
Galatia
281–64 BC
Parthian Empire
247 BC–224 AD
Armenian Empire
190 BC–428 AD
Roman Republic
133–27 BC
Commagene
163 BC–72 AD
Ancient Rome
133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
Sasanian Empire
224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
Medieval Age
Medieval Anatolia
Eastern Roman Empire
(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as Empire of Nicaea)
Rashidun Caliphate
(637–656)
Great Seljuk State
(1037–1194)
Danishmends
(1071–1178)
Sultanate of Rum
(1077–1307)
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
(1078–1375)
Anatolian beyliks
(1081–1423)
County of Edessa
(1098–1150)
Artuqids
(1101–1409)
Empire of Trebizond
(1204–1461)
Latin Empire
(1204–1261)
Karamanids
(1250–1487)
Ilkhanate
(1256–1335)
Kara Koyunlu
(1375–1468)
Ak Koyunlu
(1378–1501)
Ottoman Era
Periods of Ottoman Empire
Rise
(1299–1453)
Classical Age
(1453–1566)
Transformation
(1566–1703)
Old Regime
(1703–1789)
Decline and modernization
(1789–1908)
Defeat and dissolution
(1908–1922)
Republic of Turkey
Periods of Turkey
War of Independence
(1919–1922)
Provisional government
(1920–1923)
One-party period
(1923–1930) (1930–1945)
Multi-party period
(1945–present)
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The prehistory of Anatolia stretches from the Paleolithic era[1] through to the appearance of classical civilisation in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. It is generally regarded as being divided into three ages reflecting the dominant materials used for the making of domestic implements and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. The term Copper Age (Chalcolithic) is used to denote the period straddling the stone and Bronze Ages.
Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu), also known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is considered to be the westernmost extent of Western Asia. Geographically it encompasses the central uplands of modern Turkey, from the coastal plain of the Aegean Sea east to the western edge of the Armenian Highlands and from the narrow coast of the Black Sea south to the Taurus mountains and Mediterranean Sea coast.
The earliest representations of culture in Anatolia can be found in several archaeological sites located in the central and eastern part of the region. Stone Age artifacts such as animal bones and food fossils were found at Burdur (north of Antalya). Although the origins of some of the earliest peoples are shrouded in mystery, the remnants of Bronze Age civilizations, such as Troy, the Hattians, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, and the Hittites, provide us with many examples of the daily lives of its citizens and their trade. After the fall of the Hittites, the new states of Phrygia and Lydia stood strong on the western coast together with Lykia and Caria. Only the threat from a distant Persian kingdom prevented them from advancing past their peak of success.
^"1.2-Million-Year-Old Stone Tool Unearthed in Turkey". Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
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