A flag (sanjak) from the period of the Uzun Hasan's reign (the original here)
Tamga of Bayandur used by the Aq Qoyunlu[2]
The Aq Qoyunlu confederation at its greatest extent under Uzun Hasan
Status
Confederate Sultanate
Capital
Bayburt (summer pastures)[3]
Palu, Ergani (winter pastures)[3]
Diyarbakır (1403 April–1468)
Tabriz (1468–January 6, 1478)
Common languages
Persian (official court language, poetry)[4][b][5]
Azerbaijani (dynastic, poetry)[6][7]
Religion
Sunni Islam[8]
Government
Monarchy
Ruler
• 1378–1435
Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg
• 1497–1503
Sultan Murad
Legislature
Kengač (legislative)[3]
Boy ḵānları (military)[3]
Historical era
Medieval
• First raid on the Trapezuntine Empire by Tur Ali Beg[9]
1340
• Siege of Trebizond[9]
1348
• Established
1378
• Coup by Uzun Hasan[3]
Autumn 1452
• Reunification[3]
1457
• Death of Ahmad Beg, division of the Aq Qoyunlu[3]
December, 1497
• Collapse of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Iran[3]
Summer 1503
• End of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Mesopotamia[3]
1508
Currency
Akçe[10] Ashrafi[10] Dinar[10] Tanka[10]
Hasanbegî[11] (equal to 2 akçe)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Qara Qoyunlu
Safavid Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans[c] (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlularآق قویونلولر; Persian: آق قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate,[15][16] Sunni[8] Turkoman[17][18] tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg,[19][20] they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty.[21][22] The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.[3]
^Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10. p. 33. Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il.
^Daniel T. Potts (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. p. 7. Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.
^ abcdefghijk"AQ QOYUNLŪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 August 2011. pp. 163–168.
^Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). "Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century". Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. The disintegration of Timur's empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.
^ abErkinov 2015, p. 62.
^Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5.
^Javadi & Burrill 2012.
^ abMichael M. Gunter, Historical dictionary of the Kurds (2010), p. 29
^ abFaruk Sümer (1988–2016). "AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ abcd"Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu".
^ abFaruk Sümer (1988–2016). "UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^Seyfettin Erşahin (2002). Akkoyunlular: siyasal, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal tarih (in Turkish). p. 317.
^International Journal of Turkish Studies. Vol. 4–5. University of Wisconsin. 1987. p. 272.
^Cite error: The named reference woods was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Aq Qoyunlu" at Encyclopædia Iranica; "Christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic, political, and social activities of the Āq Qoyunlū state and that Qara ʿOṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type. [...] With the conquest of Iran, not only did the Āq Qoyunlū center of power shift eastward, but Iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture."
^Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1. "His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep) Turkomans at Sharur in 1501...".
^The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
^Erdem, Ilham. "The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456)." (2008). “The creator of the Aq-Qoyunlu principality founded in the region of Diyarbakır was Kara Yülük Osman Bey, a member of the Bayındır tribe of the Oghuz.”
^Pines, Yuri, Michal Biran, and Jörg Rüpke, eds. the limits of universal rule: Eurasian empires compared. Cambridge University Press, 2021. "the Aq Qoyunlu, like the Ottomans, began life as a collection of loosely organized band of pastoral nomadic Oghuz raiders in the Diyarbakir region of eastern Anatolia" "the dynasty controlled territory in their eastern Anatolian homelands"
^Potts, Daniel T. Nomadism in Iran: from antiquity to the modern era. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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The AqQoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azerbaijani: Ağqoyunlular آق قویونلولر; Persian: آق قویونلو) was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman...
سلطان یعقوب; Azerbaijani: Sultan Yaqub سلطان یعقوب) was the ruler of the AqQoyunlu from 1478 until his death on 24 December 1490. A son of Uzun Hasan, he...
But he went to war with his enemies, the Aq Qoyunlular. Jahanshah Haqiqi died in the battle of Mus. Qara Qoyunlu was almost destroyed. This time Hasanali...
Jahangir was the uncontested leader of the AqQoyunlu from 1444 to 1454, but afterwards fell into a dynastic struggle with his younger brother Uzun Hasan...
federation of the AqQoyunlu from 1435 to 1438. Jalal ad-Din Ali ibn Qara Yoluq Osman was born into the Bayandur tribe of the AqQoyunlu confederation. He...
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The Bayandurids or the Tur-'Alids ruled over the AqQoyunlu confederation, that was founded by Tur Ali bin Pehlwan (1340-1360 C.E.), and was followed by...
rump state called the Northern Yuan. By summer 1503, AqQoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some AqQoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before...
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Yassar and his overlord, the AqQoyunlu, a Turkic tribal federation which controlled most of Iran. In 1494, the AqQoyunlu captured Ardabil, killing Ali...
remaining Ayyubid dynasty, who owed allegiance to the Turkmen AqQoyunlu confederation. The AqQoyunlu dynasty was headed by Uzun Hassan from 1452 to 1478. Uzun...
Kurdish principality founded in the north of Mardin in 1335. During the AqQoyunlu period, they controlled the Bitlis, Diyarbakır and Mardin regions. Zirqan...
independent and rival states emerged in the region, namely Qara Qoyunlu and AqQoyunlu. The Shirvanshahs, on the other hand, became independent again in...
Mirza went to war against the AqQoyunlu, he was defeated at the Battle of Qarabagh and captured. The leader of the AqQoyunlu, Uzun Hasan handed him over...
combined forces of Shirvanshahs and the AqQoyunlu defeated Timurid khan Abu Sa'id Mirza. Future sultans of the AqQoyunlu – Baysunghur and Murad – were his...
the early 1300s, it became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, and then the AqQoyunlu captured it in the early 1400s. The Ottoman Empire took Urfa from the...
the ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, had lost most of Persia to the AqQoyunlu confederation. However, members of the Timurid dynasty continued to rule...
14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of AqQoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq. He was born...
The Battle of Otlukbeli or Otluk Beli was fought between AqQoyunlu and the Ottoman Empire on August 11, 1473. In autumn of 1463, Republic of Venice opened...
Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman. The AqQoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan. The AqQoyunlu first acquired land in 1402, when Timur...
western frontier.: 7 The AqQoyunlu took it in perhaps the late 1410s or early 1420s.: 219 At some point, the AqQoyunlu ruler Kara Osman granted Urfa...
groups but did not hesitate to turn against his former allies, such as the AqQoyunlu, when he saw fit. On the other hand, Mutahharten's relations with the...