Polystichum aculeatum, the hard shield-fern,[1] is an evergreen fern native to Europe. It is most abundant in upland regions of the British Isles and western France, where it benefits from the combination of mild winters and moist summers, but also occurs more locally across most of Europe except northern Scandinavia, northern Russia; in the Mediterranean region it is confined to high altitudes. It grows on steep slopes in woodlands. it is sometimes considered an indicator of the presence of ancient woodlands.[2]
^BSBI List 2007(xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^Rose, Francis. "Indicators of ancient woodland: The use of vascular plants in evaluating ancient woods for nature conservation" (PDF).
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flexilis) and ferns (Hymenophyllum wilsonii, Phegopteris connectilis, Polystichumaculeatum and Dryopteris aemula) are also common. Other plant species include:...
alpina), perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva), hard shield fern (Polystichumaculeatum) and long beech fern (Phegopteris connectilis). The raised bogs...
Orobanche laserpitii-sileris, the Peucedanum carvifolium, the Polystichumaculeatum, the Polystichum setiferum, the Potentilla nitida, the Primula auricula,...
vogesiaca on Polystichumaculeatum, surface with very flat warts at the tip of the spore (arrow) p Milesina vogesiaca on Polystichumaculeatum, surface smooth...
monogyna). Rocky outcrops on the site support hard shield-fern (Polystichumaculeatum) and hart’s-tongue (Phyllitis scolopendrium). By contrast, wet flushes...
filix-femina, male fern, Dryopteris filix-mas, and hard shield-fern, Polystichumaculeatum. On more acid soils, sessile oak, Quercus petraea, and birch, Betula...
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