Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Polylactic acid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), is a thermoplastic polyester with backbone formula (C 3H 4O 2) n or [–C(CH 3)HC(=O)O–] n, formally obtained by condensation of lactic acid C(CH 3)(OH)HCOOH with loss of water (hence its name). It can also be prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide [–C(CH 3)HC(=O)O–] 2, the cyclic dimer of the basic repeating unit.
PLA has become a popular material due to it being economically produced from renewable resources. In 2021, PLA had the highest consumption volume of any bioplastic of the world,[3] although it is still not a commodity polymer. Its widespread application has been hindered by numerous physical and processing shortcomings.[4] PLA is the most widely used plastic filament material in FDM 3D printing, due to its low melting point, high strength, low thermal expansion, and good layer adhesion, although it possesses poor heat resistance unless annealed.[5][6]
Although the name "polylactic acid" is widely used, it does not comply with IUPAC standard nomenclature, which is "poly(lactic acid)".[7] The name "polylactic acid" is potentially ambiguous or confusing, because PLA is not a polyacid (polyelectrolyte), but rather a polyester.[8]
^ ab"Material Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA), Agro Based Polymers". Matbase - Material Properties Database. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
^"Polylactic Acid. Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). ampolymer.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2009.
^Ceresana. "Bioplastics - Study: Market, Analysis, Trends - Ceresana". www.ceresana.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^Nagarajan V, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2016). "Perspective on Polylactic Acid (PLA) based Sustainable Materials for Durable Applications: Focus on Toughness and Heat Resistance". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 4 (6): 2899–2916. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00321.
^"Worldwide most used 3D printing materials, as of July 2018". Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^Simmons H, Tiwary P, Colwell JE, Kontopoulou M (August 2019). "Improvements in the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PLA by nucleation and annealing". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 166: 248–257. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.001. S2CID 195550926.
^Vert M, Chen J, Hellwich KH, Hodge P, Nakano T, Scholz C, et al. "Nomenclature and Terminology for Linear Lactic Acid-Based Polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2019)". IUPAC Standards Online. doi:10.1515/iupac.92.0001.
^Martin O, Avérous L (2001). "Poly(lactic acid): plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems". Polymer. 42 (14): 6209–6219. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00086-6.
Polylacticacid, also known as poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA), is a thermoplastic polyester with backbone formula (C 3H 4O 2) n or [–C(CH 3)HC(=O)O–]...
terephthalate and polyethylene), and degradable bioplastics, such as polylacticacid, polybutylene succinate, or polyhydroxyalkanoates, exist. Bioplastics...
hydroxy fatty acids with medium chain lengths including six to 14 carbon atoms, can be made for example, by Pseudomonas putida. Polylacticacid is thermoplastic...
The synthesis and utilization of polymers based on lactic acid, including polylacticacid (PLA) and its cyclic ester lactide, are used in the creation...
to People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of China. Polylacticacid, a biodegradable polymer PLA may also refer to: Party of Labour of...
homoacetate pathway. Lactate can be used to produce a bioplastic called polylacticacid (PLA). The properties of PLA depend on the ratio of the two optical...
prominent example is poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, the renewably derived polylacticacid. Others are the cellulose-based cellulose acetate and celluloid (cellulose...
3D printer filament that is stronger and more heat resistant than polylacticacid (PLA). Laminated glass, commonly used in the automotive and architectural...
currently attracting much attention. Nowadays, lactic acid is used as a monomer for producing polylacticacid (PLA) which later has application as biodegradable...
groups. Examples of biopolyesters include polyhydroxybutyrate and polylacticacid. Even though biodegradable polymers have numerous applications, there...
7:(OTHER)/(PLA) other plastics, such as acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate and polylacticacid. The numbers also indicate general ease (and thus, cost-effectiveness)...
calcium hydroxylapatite, polycaprolactone, polymethylmethacrylate, and polylacticacid. In 2012, "Artiste Assisted Injection System" was launched in the US...
lactone called lactide polymerizes to polylacticacid (polylactide). The resulting materials, polylacticacid, have many attractive properties. Lactones...
to polylacticacid (polylactide). Depending on the catalyst, syndiotactic or a heterotactic polymers can result. The resulting materials, polylactic acid...
in simple plant sugars such as corn starch to create a proprietary polylacticacid polymer (PLA) which is marketed under the brand name Ingeo. Headquartered...
Natureworks owns Ingeo, which is the range of polylacticacid (PLA) biopolymers specific to that of NatureWorks. Ingeo is created using carbon stored...
€45 million. The lactide made from lactic acid is a raw material for polylacticacid and biodegradable bioplastics. At the beginning of 2016, Corbion decided...
such as aromatic polyesters, polylacticacid (polylactide), polyhydroxyurethanes, epoxidized soybean oil with citric acid and polybutadiene. Vitrimers...
straws are primarily being manufactured out of polylacticacid (PLA), silicone, and metal. Polylacticacid and silicone straws are the most similar in texture...
difficult for casual hobbyists to print compared to thermoplastics such as Polylacticacid (PLA) or Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) because of the high...
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