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Polarity item information


In linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.

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Polarity item

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linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated...

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Polarity

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the international system Polarity of gender, when a word takes the opposite grammatical gender than expected Polarity item, in linguistics, the sensitiveness...

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Downward entailing

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property that licenses polarity items. Indeed, "Nobody saw anything" is downward entailing and admits the negative polarity item anything, while *"I saw...

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Negative raising

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evidence provided by Robin Lakoff, who used, in part, strong/strict polarity items as proof. Laurence R. Horn and Robin Lakoff have written on the theory...

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Affirmation and negation

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negation (NEG) are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances. An affirmative (positive)...

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Positive anymore

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any more (also spelled anymore) is typically a negative/interrogative polarity item used in negative, interrogative, or hypothetical contexts, speakers...

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Restriction

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a word or morpheme that specifies the meaning of a quantifier; see Polarity item All pages with titles containing Restriction Restricted (disambiguation)...

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Veridicality

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polarity items. Non-monotone generic sentences accept polarity items. Any cat hunts mice. Modal verbs create generally good environments for polarity...

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NPI

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National pollutant inventory National Provider Identifier Negative polarity item, grammatical form used during negation New Politics Initiative New product...

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English modal auxiliary verbs

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ought with do-support. As a modal auxiliary verb, need is a negative polarity item, appearing in negative contexts and other contexts that do not affirm...

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Minimizer

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encode negation. Minimizers are usually treated as a kind of negative polarity item, though this point of view has been challenged. Under negation, the...

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Exhaustivity

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interpretations. Particular factors include focus, disjunction, questions, and polarity items. A major theoretical issue is whether exhaustivity is a semantic entailment...

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PPI

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index, to prioritize projects Payment protection insurance Positive polarity item Producer price index Pulse Polio, immunisation campaign in India Port...

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Generalized quantifier

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expressions that can license a negative polarity item, such as any. Monotone increasing GQs do not license negative polarity items. Good: No boy has any money. Bad:...

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Unpaired word

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form of lexical gap Eggcorn False cognate Fossilization (linguistics) Polarity item Words not attested or very rare in English usage. Jocular or facetious...

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Subtrigging

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petition. (locative) Free choice inference Linguistic modality Negative polarity item LeGrand, Jean (1975). Or and Any: The semantics and syntax of two logical...

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Grammatical mood

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specific grammatical moods Grammatical conjugation Grammatical modality Polarity item Nominal TAM Palmer, F. R., Mood and Modality, Cambridge Univ. Press...

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Modern Greek grammar

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negative concord. The negated constituent is marked with a negative-polarity item (e.g. κανένας 'any, anybody/nobody', τίποτα 'anything/nothing', πουθενά...

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Polarity of gender

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In linguistics, polarity of gender is when a lexical item takes the opposite grammatical gender than expected. The phenomenon is widespread in Afroasiatic...

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Double negative

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languages. Languages without negative concord typically have negative polarity items that are used in place of additional negatives when another negating...

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Philadelphia English

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commonly are heard as /jə/ and /jɪ/. Anymore is used as a positive polarity item, e.g. "Joey's hoagies taste different anymore." This sense of anymore...

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Western Pennsylvania English

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anymore". While in Standard English anymore must be used as a negative polarity item (NPI), some speakers in Pittsburgh and throughout the Midland area do...

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Index of logic articles

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logic -- Peirce's law -- Plural quantification -- Poisoning the well -- Polarity item -- Polish Logic -- Polish notation -- Politician's syllogism -- Polychotomous...

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Sentiment analysis

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attitudinal but volatile in polarity and often out of known vocabulary.) A basic task in sentiment analysis is classifying the polarity of a given text at the...

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Jack Hoeksema

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the changes in polarity items and in quantifiers. Alice ter Meulen, Dutch linguist, logician, and philosopher of language negative polarity "THE SEMANTICS...

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Frans Zwarts

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and polarity, in particular the so-called Zwarts hierarchy of polarity items. This hierarchy recognizes three types of polarity items: weak items, acceptable...

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Anastasia Giannakidou

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University of Groningen in 1997. The title of her thesis is The landscape of polarity items, published with Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics (GRODIL) 18....

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Buckshot Roulette

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shell's "polarity" (e.g. the current live shell becomes blank). An injection of adrenaline, which allows the user to steal one of the opponent's items, using...

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Siberian Ingrian Finnish

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following grammatical categories: mood, tense, person, number, and polarity item. Non-finite verb forms: infinitive, supine, impersonal verbs, and participle...

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