Method for international action against climate change
Lake Geneva with the city in the background. The pledge-and-review approach was first introduced at 1991 talks that occurred in Geneva, to prepare the way for the UNFCCC.
Pledge and review is a method for facilitating international action against climate change. It involves nations each making a self-determined pledge relating to actions they expect to take in response to global warming, which they submit to the United Nations. Some time after the pledges have been submitted, there is a review process where nations assess each other's progress towards meeting the pledges. Then a further round of enhanced pledges can be made, and the process can further iterate.[1][2][3]
Pledge and review is sometimes referred to as a bargaining approach; when nations first announce their pledges they may not be set in stone. A nation might strengthen its pledge in response to pledges by its competitors, which can encourage it to increase its climate ambition if it feels it can do so without losing ground to trading rivals. Additionally, sometimes a nation that feels especially threatened by climate change can make non-climate related concessions to a trading partner, in return for them making a stronger pledge. The main way to increase pledges, however, is when the process iterates after the review phase. Each subsequent round of pledges is supposed to involve an increased level of commitment to combat climate change. Hence the ratcheting up metaphor is often used, as the strengthening of pledges is supposed to be a one-way process.[1][2][3]
Pledge-and-review was introduced as a possible way to facilitate global action on climate change in 1991, yet it was little used in the early 1990s. In 1995, it was rejected by the international community, who instead favoured aiming for legally binding emission reduction targets. Due to challenges in securing international agreement to strengthen the only partially successful Kyoto Protocol, pledge-and-review was re-introduced as part of the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. Initially seen as an interim measure, by 2015 it had become the central approach of international efforts to encourage climate mitigation. Though in negotiations leading to the 2015 Paris Agreement, the name pledge-and-review was dropped; pledges are now formally called Nationally Determined Contributions.[1][2][3][4]
^ abcDaniel Bodansky (1993). "The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary". Yale University. 18 (2). Retrieved 11 July 2021.
^ abcBuhr, Katarina, Susanna Roth, and Peter Stigson (2014). "Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders". Sustainability. 6 (2): 794–811. doi:10.3390/su6020794.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcAndrew Dessler; Edward A Parson (2020). The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28, 137–148, 175–179, 198–200. ISBN 978-1-316-63132-4.
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