Plecoptera is an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide,[1] with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica.[2] Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera, with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of Mesozoic origin.[3]
Plecoptera are found in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres, and the populations are quite distinct, although the evolutionary evidence suggests species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated.[3][4]
All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution, and the presence of their nymphs in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.[5]
^Romolo Fochetti & José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (2008) [Originally published in Hydrobiologia Vol. 595 in 2008]. "Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater". In E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers & K. Martens (eds.). Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. Developments in Hydrobiology. Vol. 198. pp. 365–377. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_39. hdl:2067/1437. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0.
^Brittain, 1987
^ abPeter Zwick (2000). "Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera". Annual Review of Entomology. 45: 709–746. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709. PMID 10761594.
^H. B. N. Hynes (1993). Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies. Freshwater Biological Association. ISBN 978-0-900386-28-2.
^Nelson, Riley. "Clean water has bugs in it, says BYU Biology Professor Riley Nelson". Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Plecoptera is an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies...
Plecoptera violacea is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Pagenstecher in 1884. It is found from Sundaland east to New Guinea...
Plecoptera quaesita is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Andamans, Borneo, Northern Moluccas and Australia...
Plecoptera uniformis is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1882. It is found in India. Wikimedia Commons has...
Plecoptera oculata is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1882. It is found in India. Wikimedia Commons has media...
Extinct in the wild (EW): 1 species Critically endangered (CR): 195 species Endangered (EN): 343 species Vulnerable (VU): 608 species Near threatened...
Plecoptera inquinata is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Julius Lederer in 1857. It is found in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Lebanon...
Plecoptera recta is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Seram, Sulawesi, Southern India, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo...
members of the group, alongside angel insects (Zoraptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera), but the exact relationship among the three groups is uncertain. The...
Plecoptera quadrilineata is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1882. It is found in India. Hewitson, William...
from the surrounding forests) which is processed there by shredders like Plecoptera larvae. The products of these shredders are used by collectors, such as...
stoneflies (Plecoptera) with notes on their ecology and distribution. Marten in Landolt & Sartori [Ed.] (1997) Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera of the River...
Polyneoptera superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera) order Orthoptera order Plecoptera order Dermaptera order Embioptera order Phasmatodea superorder Blattopteroidea...
Insects, which are a type of arthropod, are the most numerous group of multicellular organisms on the planet, with over a million species identified so...
pollution, but in general, the larval stages of mayflies, stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddis flies (Trichoptera) are susceptible to a number of pollutants...
Brittain, John E. (1990). "Life history strategies in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera". Mayflies and Stoneflies: Life Histories and Biology. Springer: 1–12...
Kondratieff, Boris C. (26 July 2018). "'Rolling' stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". PeerJ. 6: e5354. doi:10.7717/peerj...
Global Information
