Chemical compounds that regulate plant growth and development
Lack of the plant hormone auxin can cause abnormal growth (right)
Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis,[1] the regulation of organ size, pathogen defense,[2][3] stress tolerance[4][5] and reproductive development.[6] Unlike in animals (in which hormone production is restricted to specialized glands) each plant cell is capable of producing hormones.[7][8] Went and Thimann coined the term "phytohormone" and used it in the title of their 1937 book.[9]
Phytohormones occur across the plant kingdom, and even in algae, where they have similar functions to those seen in vascular plants ("higher plants").[10] Some phytohormones also occur in microorganisms, such as unicellular fungi and bacteria, however in these cases they do not play a hormonal role and can better be regarded as secondary metabolites.[11]
^Méndez-Hernández HA, Ledezma-Rodríguez M, Avilez-Montalvo RN, Juárez-Gómez YL, Skeete A, Avilez-Montalvo J, et al. (2019). "Signaling Overview of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 77. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00077. PMC 6375091. PMID 30792725.
^Shigenaga AM, Argueso CT (August 2016). "No hormone to rule them all: Interactions of plant hormones during the responses of plants to pathogens". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 56: 174–189. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.005. PMID 27312082.
^Bürger M, Chory J (August 2019). "Stressed Out About Hormones: How Plants Orchestrate Immunity". Cell Host & Microbe. 26 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.006. PMC 7228804. PMID 31415749.
^Ku YS, Sintaha M, Cheung MY, Lam HM (October 2018). "Plant Hormone Signaling Crosstalks between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (10): 3206. doi:10.3390/ijms19103206. PMC 6214094. PMID 30336563.
^Ullah A, Manghwar H, Shaban M, Khan AH, Akbar A, Ali U, et al. (November 2018). "Phytohormones enhanced drought tolerance in plants: a coping strategy". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 25 (33): 33103–33118. Bibcode:2018ESPR...2533103U. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5. PMID 30284160. S2CID 52913388.
^Pierre-Jerome E, Drapek C, Benfey PN (October 2018). "Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 34: 289–310. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459. PMC 6556207. PMID 30134119.
^"Plant hormones". NCS Pearson. Archived from the original on 2021-11-27. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
^"Plant Hormones". Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
^Went FW, Thimann KV (1937). Phytohormones. New York: The Macmillan Company.
^Tarakhovskaya ER, Maslov Y, Shishova MF (2007). "Phytohormones in algae". Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54 (2): 163–170. doi:10.1134/s1021443707020021. S2CID 27373543.
^
Rademacher W (1994). "Gibberellin formation in microorganisms". Plant Growth Regulation. 15 (3): 303–314. doi:10.1007/BF00029903. S2CID 33138732.
Planthormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Planthormones control all...
and behavior. Hormones are required for the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Due to the broad definition of a hormone (as a signaling...
precursor to and a metabolite of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). It is a planthormone, and has been listed by the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)...
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from methionine. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates...
physiologists study fundamental processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, planthormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements...
to activate chemical defenses against herbivores. It was the first planthormone proven to be a peptide. Systemin induces the production of protein defense...
producing seedless or large fruits using gibberellin, a type of plant growth hormone, was developed in Japan. This method has been adapted to Shine Muscat...
Native auxins Auxins (plural of auxin /ˈɔːksɪn/) are a class of planthormones (or plant-growth regulators) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins...
cancer cells and cervical cancer cells to existing chemotherapies. The planthormone auxin binds Tir1 (Transport Inhibitor Response 1). Tir1 is an Auxin...
Gibberellins (GAs) are planthormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower...
or GA3) is a hormone found in plants and fungi. Its chemical formula is C19H22O6. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid. Plants in their normal...
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), also known as bioidentical hormone therapy (BHT) or natural hormone therapy, is the use of hormones that are...
other. The cells are sensitive to a planthormone called auxin that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. When auxin coming from the leaf...
by the oxidative degradation of the growth hormone auxin. In vascular plants, nickel is absorbed by plants in the form of Ni2+ ion. Nickel is essential...
export. Programmed senescence seems to be heavily influenced by planthormones. The hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid are...
often be used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients and planthormones. Preparation of plant tissue for tissue culture is...
non-sustainable energy used. Ethylene is also an important natural planthormone and is used in agriculture to induce ripening of fruits. The hydrate...
later proven that it does not play a primary role. In fact, auxin, a planthormone, and ethylene have been implicated as prominent regulators of abscission...
physiological, having to do with the age of the plant and whether it already has developing fruit. The planthormones ethylene and auxin are key in fruit set...
Traumatin is a planthormone produced in response to wound. Traumatin is a precursor to the related hormone traumatic acid. Zimmerman DC, Coudron CA (1979)...
compounds produced by roots of plants. Due to their mechanism of action, these molecules have been classified as planthormones or phytohormones. So far, strigolactones...
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of planthormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell...
is the location where shoot growth occurs. The apical bud produces a planthormone, auxin (IAA), that inhibits growth of the lateral buds further down...
South Asia South Africa South America South Australia Salicylic acid, a planthormone Spontaneous abortion Sustained action, a longer-acting form of a medication...
abscisic acid (ABA), a planthormone, has been linked as a major influencer to seed dormancy. In a study on rice and tobacco plants, plants defective in zeaxanthin...
them, but instead by hormones produced in response to the stress. Planthormones act as a signal to the various tissues of plants inducing one or more...
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