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The Yecoro wheat (right) cultivar is sensitive to salinity, plants resulting from a hybrid cross with cultivar W4910 (left) show greater tolerance to high salinity
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.[1] It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals.[2] The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.).[3]
Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties,[2] and in the course of doing so, narrow down the genetic diversity of that variety to a specific few biotypes.[4]
It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers. International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions.[5]
A recent study shows that without plant breeding, Europe would have produced 20% fewer arable crops over the last 20 years, consuming an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitting 4 billion tonnes (3.9×109 long tons; 4.4×109 short tons) of carbon.[6][7] Wheat species created for Morocco are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France. Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of France, are now grown in southern Germany.[6][8]
^Breeding Field Crops. 1995. Sleper and Poehlman. Page 3
^ abHartung, Frank; Schiemann, Joachim (2014). "Precise plant breeding using new genome editing techniques: opportunities, safety and regulation in the EU". The Plant Journal. 78 (5): 742–752. doi:10.1111/tpj.12413. PMID 24330272.
^Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Plant Breeding and Genetics". Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I. Eolss Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-84826-367-3.
^Hayes, Patrick M.; Castro, Ariel; Marquez-Cedillo, Luis; Corey, Ann; Henson, Cynthia; Jones, Berne L.; Kling, Jennifer; Mather, Diane; Matus, Ivan; Rossi, Carlos; Sato, Kazuhiro (2003). "Genetic diversity for quantitatively inherited agronomic and malting quality traits". In Roland von Bothmer; Theo van Hintum; Helmut Knüpffer; Kazuhiro Sato (eds.). Diversity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier. pp. 201–226. doi:10.1016/S0168-7972(03)80012-9. ISBN 978-0-444-50585-9. ISSN 0168-7972. OCLC 162130976. ISBN 1865843830.
Plantbreeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of...
Plantbreeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date...
Look up Breeding or breeding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Breeding is sexual reproduction that produces offspring, usually animals or plants. It can...
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plantbreeding to selectively develop particular...
The PlantBreeding Institute was an agricultural research organisation in Cambridge in the United Kingdom between 1912 and 1987. The institute was established...
evolution. Exposing plants to radiation is sometimes called radiation breeding and is a sub class of mutagenic breeding. Radiation breeding was discovered...
are seeds and cuttings. The use of plant propagation has become increasingly more popular for medical plantbreeding. Due to the large amount of the world...
growers have employed many breeding techniques, starting with traditional plantbreeding and then moving on to molecular breeding and genetic engineering...
science Backyard breeder Genomics of domestication Plantbreeding Progeny testing Selective breeding Robert Bakewell Arthur B. Chapman James Hutton Thomas...
from production before reaching the retail level. Modern agronomy, plantbreeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers, and technological...
purpose, plantbreeding is presented as four categories: Line breeding (autogamous crops), population breeding (allogamous crops), hybrid breeding (mostly...
and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw...
alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plantbreeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of...
means and breeding mechanisms. Gene-for-gene relationship Induced systemic resistance Plant defense against herbivory Plant pathology Plant use of endophytic...
topic of agronomy involves selective breeding of plants to produce the best crops for various conditions. Plantbreeding has increased crop yields and has...
Implications for Cucumber Breeding". PlantBreeding Reviews. Wiley: 79–111. doi:10.1002/9781119717003.ch4. "Cucumis sativus L." Plants of the World Online....
the needs of institutions or private estates. Some will also work in plantbreeding. A "nurseryman" is a person who owns or works in a nursery. Some nurseries...
including speciation, domestication, and breeding, have shaped plant endophytes (phylosymbiosis) in similar patterns as plant genes. Several species of fungi have...
resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding. Classical breeding relies...
In animal breeding, crossbreeds are crosses within a single species, while hybrids are crosses between different species. In plantbreeding terminology...
Plantbreeding is process of development of new cultivars. Plantbreeding involves development of varieties for different environmental conditions – some...
years of cultivation for desired traits to emerge through selective plantbreeding, and 10 or more generations for the hybrid chilis to stabilize with...
Partnership Initiative for PlantBreeding Capacity Building (GIPB) is a global partnership dedicated to increasing plantbreeding capacity building. The mission...
Plantbreeding in Nepal is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for benefit of humanity in Nepal. The major crops of Nepal include rice...
trait (such as "P" for the dominant allele producing purple flowers in pea plants). When an organism is homozygous-dominant for a particular trait, its genotype...
of the Sli gene leads to self-compatibility and facilitates precision breeding in potato". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4141. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24267-6...
Shiv (2016). "Breeding strategies to improve lentil for diverse agro-ecological environments". Indian Journal of Genetics and PlantBreeding. 76 (4): 530...
A breeding programme is the planned breeding of a group of animals or plants, usually involving at least several individuals and extending over several...
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